the malay archipelago-1-第63节
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ered a little hut where people from Licoupang came to hunt and smoke wild pigs。 My guide told me he had never before traversed the forest between these two points； and this is what is considered by some travellers as one of the savage 〃instincts；〃 whereas it is merely the result of wide general knowledge。 The man knew the topography of the whole district； the slope of the land； the direction of the streams； the belts of bamboo or rattan； and many other indications of locality and direction； and he was thus enabled to hit straight upon the hut； in the vicinity of which he had often hunted。 In a forest of which he knew nothing； he would be quite as much at a loss as a European。 Thus it is； I am convinced； with all the wonderful accounts of Indians finding their way through trackless forests to definite points； they may never have passed straight between the two particular points before； but they are well acquainted with the vicinity of both； and have such a general knowledge of the whole country； its water system； its soil and its vegetation； that as they approach the point they are to reach； many easily…recognised indications enable them to hit upon it with certainty。
The chief feature of this forest was the abundance of rattan palms hanging from the trees； and turning and twisting about on the ground； often in inextricable confusion。 One wonders at first how they can get into such queer shapes； but it is evidently caused by the decay and fall of the trees up which they have first climbed； after which they grow along the ground until they meet with another trunk up which to ascend。 A tangled mass of twisted living rattan； is therefore； a sign that at some former period a large tree has fallen there； though there may be not the slightest vestige of it left。 The rattan seems to have unlimited powers of growth； and a single plant may moult up several trees in succession； and thus reach the enormous length they are said sometimes to attain。 They much improve the appearance of a forest as seen from the coast； for they vary the otherwise monotonous tree…tops with feathery crowns of leaves rising clear above them； and each terminated by an erect leafy spike like a lightning… conductor。
The other most interesting object in the forest was a beautiful palm； whose perfectly smooth and cylindrical stem rises erect to more than a hundred feet high； with a thickness of only eight or ten inches； while the fan…shaped leaves which compose its crown； are almost complete circles of six or eight feet diameter； borne aloft on long and slender petioles； and beautifully toothed round the edge by the extremities of the leaflets； which are separated only for a few inches from the circumference。 It is probably the Livistona rotundifolia of botanists； and is the most complete and beautiful fan…leaf I have ever seen； serving admirably for folding into water…buckets and impromptu baskets； as well as for thatching and other purposes。
A few days afterwards I returned to Menado on horse…back； sending my baggage around by sea； and had just time to pack up all my collections to go by the next mail steamer to Amboyna。 I will now devote a few pages to an account of the chief peculiarities of the Zoology of Celebes； and its relation to that of the surrounding countries。
CHAPTER XVIII。
NATURAL HISTORY OF CELEBES。
THE position of Celebes is the most central in the Archipelago。 Immediately to the north are the Philippine islands； on the west is Borneo； on the east are the Molucca islands； and on the south is the Timor groupand it is on all sides so connected with these islands by its own satellites； by small islets； and by coral reefs； that neither by inspection on the map nor by actual observation around its coast； is it possible to determine accurately which should be grouped with it； and which with the surrounding districts。 Such being the case； we should naturally expect to find that the productions of this central island in some degree represented the richness and variety of the whole Archipelago； while we should not expect much individuality in a country； so situated； that it would seem as if it were pre… eminently fitted to receive stragglers and immigrants from all around。
As so often happens in nature； however； the fact turns out to be just the reverse of what we should have expected； and an examination of its animal productions shows Celebes to be at once the poorest in the number of its species； and the most isolated in the character of its productions； of all the great islands in the Archipelago。 With its attendant islets it spreads over an extent of sea hardly inferior in length and breadth to that occupied by Borneo； while its actual land area is nearly double that of Java； yet its Mammalia and terrestrial birds number scarcely more than half the species found in the last… named island。 Its position is such that it could receive immigrants from every side more readily than Java； yet in proportion to the species which inhabit it； far fewer seem derived from other islands； while far more are altogether peculiar to it； and a considerable number of its animal forms are so remarkable； as to find no close allies in any other part of the world。 I now propose to examine the best known groups of Celebesian animals in some detail； to study their relations to those of other islands； and to call attention to the many points of interest which they suggest。
We know far more of the birds of Celebes than we do of any other group of animals。 No less than 191 species have been discovered； and though no doubt； many more wading and swimming birds have to be added； yet the list of land birds； 144 in number； and which for our present purpose are much the most important； must be very nearly complete。 I myself assiduously collected birds in Celebes for nearly ten months； and my assistant； Mr。 Allen； spent two months in the Sula islands。 The Dutch naturalist Forsten spent two years in Northern Celebes （twenty years before my visit）； and collections of birds had also been sent to Holland from Macassar。 The French ship of discovery； L'Astrolabe； also touched at Menado and procured collections。 Since my return home； the Dutch naturalists Rosenberg and Bernstein have made extensive collections both in North Celebes and in the Sula islands； yet all their researches combined have only added eight species of land birds to those forming part of my own collectiona fact which renders it almost certain that there are very few more to discover。
Besides Salayer and Boutong on the south； with Peling and Bungay on the east； the three islands of the Sula （or Zula） Archipelago also belong zoologically to Celebes； although their position is such that it would seem more natural to group them with the Moluccas。 About 48 land birds are now known from the Sula group； and if we reject from these； five species which have a wide range over the Archipelago； the remainder are much more characteristic of Celebes than of the Moluccas。 Thirty…one species are identical with those of the former island； and four are representatives of Celebes forms； while only eleven are Moluccan species； and two more representatives。
But although the Sula islands belong to Celebes； they are so close to Bouru and the southern islands of the Gilolo group； that several purely Moluccan forms have migrated there； which are quite unknown to the island of Celebes itself； the whole thirteen Moluccan species being in this category； thus adding to the productions of Celebes a foreign element which does not really belong to it。 In studying the peculiarities of the Celebesian fauna； it will therefore be well to consider only the productions of the main island。
The number of land birds in the island of Celebes is 128； and from these we may； as before； strike out a small number of species which roam over the whole Archipelago （often from India to the Pacific）； and which therefore only serve to disguise the peculiarities of individual islands。 These are 20 in number； and leave 108 species which we may consider as more especially characteristic of the island。 On accurately comparing these with the birds of all the surrounding countries； we find that only nine extend into the islands westward； and nineteen into the islands eastward； while no less than 80 are entirely confined to the Celebesian faunaa degree of individuality which； considering the situation of the island； is hardly to be equalled in any other part of the world。 If we still more closely examine these 80 species； we shall be struck by the many peculiarities of structure they present； and by the curious affinities with distant parts of the world which many of them seem to indicate。 These points are of so much interest and importance that it will be necessary to pass in review all those species which are peculiar to the island； and to call attention to whatever is most worthy of remark。
Six species of the Hawk tribe are peculiar to Celebes； three of these are very distinct from allied birds which range over all India to Java and Borneo； and which thus seem to be suddenly changed on entering Celebes。 Another （Accipiter trinotatus） is a beautiful hawk； with elegant rows of large round white spots on the tail； rendering it very conspicuous and quite different
