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Here¡¡we¡¡see¡¡plainly¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡the¡¡migration¡¡which¡¡has¡¡been¡¡going¡¡on¡¡for¡¡hundreds¡¡or¡¡thousands¡¡of¡¡years£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡still¡¡going¡¡on¡¡at¡¡the¡¡present¡¡day¡£¡¡Birds¡¡entering¡¡from¡¡Java¡¡are¡¡most¡¡numerous¡¡in¡¡the¡¡island¡¡nearest¡¡Java£»¡¡each¡¡strait¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡to¡¡be¡¡crossed¡¡to¡¡reach¡¡another¡¡island¡¡offers¡¡an¡¡obstacle£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡a¡¡smaller¡¡number¡¡get¡¡over¡¡to¡¡the¡¡next¡¡island¡£¡¡£§The¡¡names¡¡of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡birds¡¡inhabiting¡¡these¡¡islands¡¡are¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡¨Proceedings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Zoological¡¡Society¡¡of¡¡London¡¨¡¡for¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1863¡££§¡¡It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡observed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡birds¡¡that¡¡appear¡¡to¡¡have¡¡entered¡¡from¡¡Australia¡¡is¡¡much¡¡less¡¡than¡¡those¡¡which¡¡have¡¡come¡¡from¡¡Java£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡may¡¡at¡¡first¡¡sight¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡this¡¡is¡¡due¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wide¡¡sea¡¡that¡¡separates¡¡Australia¡¡from¡¡Timor¡£¡¡But¡¡this¡¡would¡¡be¡¡a¡¡hasty¡¡and£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡soon¡¡see£»¡¡an¡¡unwarranted¡¡supposition¡£¡¡Besides¡¡these¡¡birds¡¡identical¡¡with¡¡species¡¡inhabiting¡¡Java¡¡and¡¡Australia£»¡¡there¡¡are¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡number¡¡of¡¡others¡¡very¡¡closely¡¡allied¡¡to¡¡species¡¡peculiar¡¡to¡¡those¡¡countries£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡must¡¡take¡¡these¡¡also¡¡into¡¡account¡¡before¡¡we¡¡form¡¡any¡¡conclusion¡¡on¡¡the¡¡matter¡£¡¡It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡as¡¡well¡¡to¡¡combine¡¡these¡¡with¡¡the¡¡former¡¡table¡¡thus£º


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Australian¡¡birds¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡4¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡10¡¡Closely¡¡allied¡¡to¡¡Australian¡¡birds¡¡¡¡3¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡9¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡26¡¡Total¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡7¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡14¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡36

We¡¡now¡¡see¡¡that¡¡the¡¡total¡¡number¡¡of¡¡birds¡¡which¡¡seem¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡Java¡¡and¡¡Australia¡¡is¡¡very¡¡nearly¡¡equal£»¡¡but¡¡there¡¡is¡¡this¡¡remarkable¡¡difference¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two¡¡series£º¡¡that¡¡whereas¡¡the¡¡larger¡¡proportion¡¡by¡¡far¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Java¡¡set¡¡are¡¡identical¡¡with¡¡those¡¡still¡¡inhabiting¡¡that¡¡country£»¡¡an¡¡almost¡¡equally¡¡large¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Australian¡¡set¡¡are¡¡distinct£»¡¡though¡¡often¡¡very¡¡closely¡¡allied¡¡species¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡observed¡¡also£»¡¡that¡¡these¡¡representative¡¡or¡¡allied¡¡species¡¡diminish¡¡in¡¡number¡¡as¡¡they¡¡recede¡¡from¡¡Australia£»¡¡while¡¡they¡¡increase¡¡in¡¡number¡¡as¡¡they¡¡recede¡¡from¡¡Java¡£¡¡There¡¡are¡¡two¡¡reasons¡¡for¡¡this£»¡¡one¡¡being¡¡that¡¡the¡¡islands¡¡decrease¡¡rapidly¡¡in¡¡size¡¡from¡¡Timor¡¡to¡¡Lombock£»¡¡and¡¡can¡¡therefore¡¡support¡¡a¡¡decreasing¡¡number¡¡of¡¡species£»¡¡the¡¡other¡¡and¡¡the¡¡more¡¡important¡¡is£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡distance¡¡of¡¡Australia¡¡from¡¡Timor¡¡cuts¡¡off¡¡the¡¡supply¡¡of¡¡fresh¡¡immigrants£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡thus¡¡allowed¡¡variation¡¡to¡¡have¡¡full¡¡play£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡vicinity¡¡of¡¡Lombock¡¡to¡¡Bali¡¡and¡¡Java¡¡has¡¡allowed¡¡a¡¡continual¡¡influx¡¡of¡¡fresh¡¡individuals¡¡which£»¡¡by¡¡crossing¡¡with¡¡the¡¡earlier¡¡immigrants£»¡¡has¡¡checked¡¡variation¡£

To¡¡simplify¡¡our¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡derivative¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡the¡¡birds¡¡of¡¡these¡¡islands¡¡let¡¡us¡¡treat¡¡them¡¡as¡¡a¡¡whole£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡perhaps¡¡render¡¡more¡¡intelligible¡¡their¡¡respective¡¡relations¡¡to¡¡Java¡¡and¡¡Australia¡£

The¡¡Timor¡¡group¡¡of¡¡islands¡¡contains£º

Javan¡¡birds¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡¡36¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Australian¡¡birds¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡13¡¡Closely¡¡allied¡¡species¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡11¡¡¡¡¡¡Closely¡¡allied¡¡species¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡35¡¡Derived¡¡from¡¡Java¡¡¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡47¡¡Derived¡¡from¡¡Australia¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡48

We¡¡have¡¡here¡¡a¡¡wonderful¡¡agreement¡¡in¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡birds¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡Australian¡¡and¡¡Javanese¡¡groups£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡are¡¡divided¡¡in¡¡exactly¡¡a¡¡reverse¡¡manner£»¡¡three¡­fourths¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Javan¡¡birds¡¡being¡¡identical¡¡species¡¡and¡¡one¡­fourth¡¡representatives£»¡¡while¡¡only¡¡one¡­fourth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Australian¡¡forms¡¡are¡¡identical¡¡and¡¡three¡­fourths¡¡representatives¡£¡¡This¡¡is¡¡the¡¡most¡¡important¡¡fact¡¡which¡¡we¡¡can¡¡elicit¡¡from¡¡a¡¡study¡¡of¡¡the¡¡birds¡¡of¡¡these¡¡islands£»¡¡since¡¡it¡¡gives¡¡us¡¡a¡¡very¡¡complete¡¡clue¡¡to¡¡much¡¡of¡¡their¡¡past¡¡history¡£

Change¡¡of¡¡species¡¡is¡¡a¡¡slow¡¡processon¡¡that¡¡we¡¡are¡¡all¡¡agreed£»¡¡though¡¡we¡¡may¡¡differ¡¡about¡¡how¡¡it¡¡has¡¡taken¡¡place¡£¡¡The¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Australian¡¡species¡¡in¡¡these¡¡islands¡¡have¡¡mostly¡¡changed£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡Javan¡¡species¡¡have¡¡almost¡¡all¡¡remained¡¡unchanged£»¡¡would¡¡therefore¡¡indicate¡¡that¡¡the¡¡district¡¡was¡¡first¡¡peopled¡¡from¡¡Australia¡£¡¡But£»¡¡for¡¡this¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡case£»¡¡the¡¡physical¡¡conditions¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡very¡¡different¡¡from¡¡what¡¡they¡¡are¡¡now¡£¡¡Nearly¡¡three¡¡hundred¡¡miles¡¡of¡¡open¡¡sea¡¡now¡¡separate¡¡Australia¡¡from¡¡Timor£»¡¡which¡¡island¡¡is¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡Java¡¡by¡¡a¡¡chain¡¡of¡¡broken¡¡land¡¡divided¡¡by¡¡straits¡¡which¡¡are¡¡nowhere¡¡more¡¡than¡¡about¡¡twenty¡¡miles¡¡wide¡£¡¡Evidently¡¡there¡¡are¡¡now¡¡great¡¡facilities¡¡for¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡productions¡¡of¡¡Java¡¡to¡¡spread¡¡over¡¡and¡¡occupy¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡of¡¡these¡¡islands£»¡¡while¡¡those¡¡of¡¡Australia¡¡would¡¡find¡¡very¡¡great¡¡difficulty¡¡in¡¡getting¡¡across¡£¡¡To¡¡account¡¡for¡¡the¡¡present¡¡state¡¡of¡¡things£»¡¡we¡¡should¡¡naturally¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡Australia¡¡was¡¡once¡¡much¡¡more¡¡closely¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡Timor¡¡than¡¡it¡¡is¡¡at¡¡present£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡this¡¡was¡¡the¡¡case¡¡is¡¡rendered¡¡highly¡¡probable¡¡by¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡of¡¡a¡¡submarine¡¡bank¡¡extending¡¡along¡¡all¡¡the¡¡north¡¡and¡¡west¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡Australia£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡one¡¡place¡¡approaching¡¡within¡¡twenty¡¡miles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡coast¡¡of¡¡Timor¡£¡¡This¡¡indicates¡¡a¡¡recent¡¡subsidence¡¡of¡¡North¡¡Australia£»¡¡which¡¡probably¡¡once¡¡extended¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡the¡¡edge¡¡of¡¡this¡¡bank£»¡¡between¡¡which¡¡and¡¡Timor¡¡there¡¡is¡¡an¡¡unfathomed¡¡depth¡¡of¡¡ocean¡£

I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡think¡¡that¡¡Timor¡¡was¡¡ever¡¡actually¡¡connected¡¡with¡¡Australia£»¡¡because¡¡such¡¡a¡¡large¡¡number¡¡of¡¡very¡¡abundant¡¡and¡¡characteristic¡¡groups¡¡of¡¡Australian¡¡birds¡¡are¡¡quite¡¡absent£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡a¡¡single¡¡Australian¡¡mammal¡¡has¡¡entered¡¡Timor¡¡which¡¡would¡¡certainly¡¡not¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡case¡¡had¡¡the¡¡lands¡¡been¡¡actually¡¡united¡£¡¡Such¡¡groups¡¡as¡¡the¡¡bower¡¡birds¡¡£¨Ptilonorhynchus£©£»¡¡the¡¡black¡¡and¡¡red¡¡cockatoos¡¡£¨Calyptorhynchus£©£»¡¡the¡¡blue¡¡wrens¡¡£¨Malurus£©£»¡¡the¡¡crowshrikes¡¡£¨Cracticus£©£»¡¡the¡¡Australian¡¡shrikes¡¡£¨Falcunculus¡¡and¡¡Colluricincla£©£»¡¡and¡¡many¡¡others£»¡¡which¡¡abound¡¡all¡¡over¡¡Australia£»¡¡would¡¡certainly¡¡have¡¡spread¡¡into¡¡Timor¡¡if¡¡it¡¡had¡¡been¡¡united¡¡to¡¡that¡¡country£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡if¡¡for¡¡any¡¡long¡¡time¡¡it¡¡had¡¡approached¡¡nearer¡¡to¡¡it¡¡than¡¡twenty¡¡miles¡£¡¡Neither¡¡do¡¡any¡¡of¡¡the¡¡most¡¡characteristic¡¡groups¡¡of¡¡Australian¡¡insects¡¡occur¡¡in¡¡Timor£»¡¡so¡¡that¡¡everything¡¡combines¡¡to¡¡indicate¡¡that¡¡a¡¡strait¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡has¡¡always¡¡separated¡¡it¡¡from¡¡Australia£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡at¡¡one¡¡period¡¡this¡¡strait¡¡was¡¡reduced¡¡to¡¡a¡¡width¡¡of¡¡about¡¡twenty¡¡miles¡£

But¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡when¡¡this¡¡narrowing¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡took¡¡place¡¡in¡¡one¡¡direction£»¡¡there¡¡must¡¡have¡¡been¡¡a¡¡greater¡¡separation¡¡at¡¡the¡¡other¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chain£»¡¡or¡¡we¡¡should¡¡find¡¡more¡¡equality¡¡in¡¡the¡¡numbers¡¡of¡¡identical¡¡and¡¡representative¡¡species¡¡derived¡¡from¡¡each¡¡extremity¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡true¡¡that¡¡the¡¡widening¡¡of¡¡the¡¡strait¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Australian¡¡end¡¡by¡¡subsidence£»¡¡would£»¡¡by¡¡putting¡¡a¡¡stop¡¡to¡¡immigration¡¡and¡¡intercrossing¡¡of¡¡individuals¡¡from¡¡the¡¡mother¡¡country£»¡¡have¡¡allowed¡¡full¡¡scope¡¡to¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡which¡¡have¡¡led¡¡to¡¡the¡¡modification¡¡of¡¡the¡¡species£»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡continued¡¡stream¡¡of¡¡immigrants¡¡from¡¡Java£»¡¡would£»¡¡by¡¡continual¡¡intercrossing£»¡¡check¡¡such¡¡modification¡£¡¡This¡¡view¡¡will¡¡not£»¡¡however£»¡¡explain¡¡all¡¡the¡¡facts£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡character¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fauna¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Timorese¡¡group¡¡is¡¡indicated¡¡as¡¡well¡¡by¡¡the¡¡forms¡¡which¡¡are¡¡absent¡¡from¡¡it¡¡as¡¡by¡¡those¡¡which¡¡it¡¡contains£»¡¡and¡¡is¡¡by¡¡this¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡evidence¡¡shown¡¡to¡¡be¡¡much¡¡more¡¡Australian¡¡than¡¡Indian¡£¡¡No¡¡less¡¡than¡¡twenty¡­nine¡¡genera£»¡¡all¡¡more¡¡or¡¡less¡¡abundant¡¡in¡¡Java£»¡¡and¡¡most¡¡of¡¡which¡¡range¡¡over¡¡a¡¡wide¡¡area£»¡¡are¡¡altogether¡¡absent£»¡¡while¡¡of¡¡the¡¡equally¡¡diffused¡¡Australian¡¡genera¡¡only¡¡about¡¡fourteen¡¡are¡¡wanting¡£¡¡This¡¡would¡¡clearly¡¡indicate¡¡that¡¡there¡¡has¡¡been£»¡¡until¡¡recently£»¡¡a¡¡wide¡¡separation¡¡from¡¡Java£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡the¡¡islands¡¡of¡¡Bali¡¡and¡¡Lombock¡¡are¡¡small£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡almost¡¡wholly¡¡volcanic£»¡¡and¡¡contain¡¡a¡¡smaller¡¡number¡¡of¡¡modified¡¡forms¡¡than¡¡the¡¡other¡¡islands£»¡¡would¡¡point¡¡them¡¡out¡¡as¡¡of¡¡comparatively¡¡recent¡¡origin¡£¡¡A¡¡wide¡¡arm¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sea¡¡probably¡¡occupied¡¡their¡¡place¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡when¡¡Timor¡¡was¡¡in¡¡the¡¡closest¡¡proximity¡¡to¡¡Australia£»¡¡and¡¡as¡¡the¡¡subterranean¡¡fires¡¡were¡¡slowly¡¡piling¡¡up¡¡the¡¡now¡¡fertile¡¡islands¡¡of¡¡Bali¡¡and¡¡Lombock£»¡¡the¡¡northern¡¡shores¡¡of¡¡Australia¡¡would¡¡be¡¡sinking¡¡beneath¡¡the¡¡ocean¡£¡¡Some¡¡such¡¡changes¡¡as¡¡have¡¡been¡¡here¡¡indicated£»¡¡enable¡¡us¡¡to¡¡understand¡¡how¡¡it¡¡happens£»¡¡that¡¡though¡¡the¡¡birds¡¡of¡¡this¡¡group¡¡are¡¡on¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡almost¡¡as¡¡much¡¡Indian¡¡as¡¡Australian£»¡¡yet¡¡the¡¡species¡¡which¡¡are¡¡peculiar¡¡to¡¡the¡¡group¡¡are¡¡mostly¡¡Australian¡¡in¡¡character£»¡¡and¡¡also¡¡why¡¡such¡¡a¡¡large¡¡number¡¡of¡¡common¡¡Indian¡¡forms¡¡which¡¡extend¡¡through¡¡Java¡¡to¡¡Bali£»¡¡should¡¡not¡¡have¡¡transmitted¡¡a¡¡single¡¡representative¡¡to¡¡the¡¡island¡¡further¡¡east¡£

The¡¡Mammalia¡¡of¡¡Timor¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡other¡¡islands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡group¡¡are¡¡exceedingly¡¡scanty£»¡¡with¡¡the¡¡exception¡¡of¡¡bats¡£¡¡These¡¡last¡¡are¡¡tolerably¡¡abundant£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡doubt¡¡many¡¡more¡¡remain¡¡to¡¡be¡¡discovered¡£¡¡Out¡¡of¡¡fifteen¡¡species¡¡known¡¡from¡¡Timor£»¡¡nine¡¡are¡¡found¡¡also¡¡in¡¡Java£»¡¡or¡¡the¡¡islands¡¡west¡¡of¡¡it£»¡¡three¡¡are¡¡Moluccan¡¡species£»¡¡most¡¡of¡¡which¡¡are¡¡also¡¡found¡¡in¡¡Australia£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡are¡¡peculiar¡¡to¡¡Timor¡£

The¡¡land¡¡mammals¡¡are¡¡only¡¡seven¡¡in¡¡number£»¡¡as¡¡follows£º¡¡1¡£¡¡The¡¡common¡¡monkey£»¡¡Macacus¡¡cynomolgus£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡found¡¡in¡¡all¡¡the¡¡Indo¡­Malayan¡¡islands£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡spread¡¡from¡¡Java¡¡through¡¡Bali¡¡and¡¡Lombock¡¡to¡¡Timor¡£¡¡This¡¡species¡¡is¡¡very¡¡frequent¡¡on¡¡the¡¡banks¡¡of¡¡rivers£»¡¡and¡¡may¡¡have¡¡been¡¡conveyed¡¡from¡¡island¡¡to¡¡island¡¡on¡¡trees

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