the evolution of modern medicine(现代医药的演变)-第3节
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someone else can the Hoodoo be taken off。
To primitive man life seemed 〃full of sacred presences〃 （Walter Pater）
connected with objects in nature； or with incidents and epochs in life；
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which he began early to deify； so that； until a quite recent period； his story
is largely associated with a pantheon of greater and lesser gods； which he
has manufactured wholesale。 Xenophanes was the earliest philosopher to
recognize man's practice of making gods in his own image and endowing
them with human faculties and attributes； the Thracians； he said； made
their gods blue…eyed and red…haired； the Ethiopians； snub…nosed and black；
while； if oxen and lions and horses had hands and could draw； they would
represent their gods as oxen and lions and horses。 In relation to nature and
to disease； all through early history we find a pantheon full to repletion；
bearing testimony no less to the fertility of man's imagination than to the
hopes and fears which led him； in his exodus from barbarism； to regard his
gods as 〃pillars of fire by night； and pillars of cloud by day。〃
Even so late a religion as that of Numa was full of little gods to be
invoked on special occasionsVatican； who causes the infant to utter his
first cry； Fabulinus； who prompts his first word； Cuba； who keeps him
quiet in his cot； Domiduca； who watches over one's safe home…coming
（Walter Pater）； and Numa believed that all diseases came from the gods
and were to be averted by prayer and sacrifice。 Besides the major gods；
representatives of Apollo； AEsculapius and Minerva； there were scores of
lesser ones who could be invoked for special diseases。 It is said that the
young Roman mother might appeal to no less than fourteen goddesses；
from Juno Lucina to Prosa and Portvorta （Withington）。 Temples were
erected to the Goddess of Fever； and she was much invoked。 There is
extant a touching tablet erected by a mourning mother and inscribed：
Febri divae； Febri Sancte； Febri magnae Camillo amato pro Filio meld
effecto。 Posuit。
It is marvellous what a long line of superhuman powers； major and
minor； man has invoked against sickness。 In Swinburne's words：
God by God flits past in thunder till his glories turn to shades； God by
God bears wondering witness how his Gospel flames and fades； More was
each of these； while yet they were； than man their servant seemed； Dead
are all of these； and man survives who made them while he dreamed。
Most of them have been benign and helpful gods。 Into the dark
chapters relating to demonical possession and to witchcraft we cannot here
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enter。 They make one cry out with Lucretius （Bk。 V）：
O genus infelix humanum； talia divis Cum tribuit facta atque iras
adjunxit acerbas！ Quantos tum gemitus ipsi sibi； quantaque nobis Vulnera；
quas lacrimas peperere minoribu' nostris。
In every age； and in every religion there has been justification for his
bitter words； 〃tantum religio potuit suadere malorum〃〃Such wrongs
Religion in her train doth bring〃yet； one outcome of 〃a belief in spiritual
beings〃as Tylor defines religion has been that man has built an altar of
righteousness in his heart。 The comparative method applied to the study of
his religious growth has shown how man's thoughts have widened in the
unceasing purpose which runs through his spiritual no less than his
physical evolution。 Out of the spiritual protoplasm of magic have evolved
philosopher and physician； as well as priest。 Magic and religion control
the uncharted spherethe supernatural； the superhuman： science seeks to
know the world； and through knowing； to control it。 Ray Lankester
remarks that Man is Nature's rebel； and goes on to say： 〃The mental
qualities which have developed in Man； though traceable in a vague and
rudimentary condition in some of his animal associates； are of such an
unprecedented power and so far dominate everything else in his activities
as a living organism； that they have to a very large extent； if not entirely；
cut him off from the general operation of that process of Natural Selection
and survival of the fittest which up to their appearance had been the law of
the living world。 They justify the view that Man forms a new departure in
the gradual unfolding of Nature's predestined scheme。 Knowledge； reason；
self…consciousness； will； are the attributes of Man。〃＇1＇ It has been a slow
and gradual growth； and not until within the past century has science
organized knowledge so searched out the secrets of Nature； as to control
her powers； limit her scope and transform her energies。 The victory is so
recent that the mental attitude of the race is not yet adapted to the change。
A large proportion of our fellow creatures still regard nature as a
playground for demons and spirits to be exorcised or invoked。
＇1＇ Sir E。 Ray Lankester： Romanes Lecture； 〃Nature and Man；〃
Oxford Univ。 Press； 1905； p。 21。
Side by side； as substance and shadow〃in the dark backward and
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abysm of time；〃 in the dawn of the great civilizations of Egypt and
Babylon； in the bright morning of Greece； and in the full noontide of
modern life； together have grown up these two diametrically opposite
views of man's relation to nature； and more particularly of his personal
relation to the agencies of disease。
The purpose of this course of lectures is to sketch the main features of
the growth of these two dominant ideas； to show how they have influenced
man at the different periods of his evolution； how the lamp of reason； so
early lighted in his soul； burning now bright； now dim； has never； even in
his darkest period； been wholly extinguished； but retrimmed and
refurnished by his indomitable energies； now shines more and more
towards the perfect day。 It is a glorious chapter in history； in which those
who have eyes to see may read the fulfilment of the promise of Eden； that
one day man should not only possess the earth； but that he should have
dominion over it！ I propose to take an aeroplane flight through the
centuries； touching only on the tall peaks from which may be had a
panoramic view of the epochs through which we pass。
ORIGIN OF MEDICINE
MEDICINE arose out of the primal sympathy of man with man； out of
the desire to help those in sorrow； need and sickness。
In the primal sympathy Which having been must ever be； In the
soothing thoughts that spring Out of human suffering。
The instinct of self…preservation； the longing to relieve a loved one；
and above all； the maternal passionfor such it isgradually softened the
hard race of mantum genus humanum primum mollescere coepit。 In his
marvellous sketch of the evolution of man； nothing illustrates more
forcibly the prescience of Lucretius than the picture of the growth of
sympathy： 〃When with cries and gestures they taught with broken words
that 'tis right for all men to have pity on the weak。〃 I heard the well…known
medical historian； the late Dr。 Payne； remark that 〃the basis of medicine is
sympathy and the desire to help others； and whatever is done with this end
must be called medicine。〃
The first lessons came to primitive man by injuries； accidents； bites of
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beasts and serpents； perhaps for long ages not appreciated by his childlike
mind； but； little by little； such experiences crystallized into useful
knowledge。 The experiments of nature made clear to him the relation of
cause and effect； but it is not likely； as Pliny suggests； that he picked up
his earliest knowledge from the observation of certa
