on ancient medicine-第4节

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that　acid；　and　the　other　saltish；　and　many　other　varieties；　and
again　there　is　cold　combined　with　other　qualities。　These　are　what
proves　injurious；　heat；　it　is　true；　is　present　also；　possessed　of
strength　as　being　that　which　conducts；　is　exacerbated　and　increased
along　with　the　other；　but　has　no　power　greater　than　what　is　peculiar
to　itself。
　　18。　With　regard　to　these　symptoms；　in　the　first　place　those　are　most
obvious　of　which　we　have　all　often　had　experience。　Thus；　then；　in　such
of　us　as　have　a　coryza　and　defluxion　from　the　nostrils；　this　discharge
is　much　more　acrid　than　that　which　formerly　was　formed　in　and　ran　from
them　daily；　and　it　occasions　swelling　of　the　nose；　and　it　inflames；
being　of　a　hot　and　extremely　ardent　nature；　as　you　may　know；　if　you
apply　your　hand　to　the　place；　and；　if　the　disease　remains　long；　the
part　becomes　ulcerated　although　destitute　of　flesh　and　hard；　and　the
heat　in　the　nose　ceases；　not　when　the　defluxion　takes　place　and　the
inflammation　is　present；　but　when　the　running　becomes　thicker　and　less
acrid；　and　more　mixed　with　the　former　secretion；　then　it　is　that　the
heat　ceases。　But　in　all　those　cases　in　which　this　decidedly　proceeds
from　cold　alone；　without　the　concourse　of　any　other　quality；　there
is　a　change　from　cold　to　hot；　and　from　hot　to　cold；　and　these
quickly　supervene；　and　require　no　coction。　But　all　the　others　being
connected；　as　I　have　said；　with　acrimony　and　intemperance　of　humors；
pass　off　in　this　way　by　being　mixed　and　concocted。
　　19。　But　such　defluxions　as　are　determined　to　the　eyes　being
possessed　of　strong　and　varied　acrimonies；　ulcerate　the　eyelids；　and
in　some　cases　corrode　the　and　parts　below　the　eyes　upon　which　they
flow；　and　even　occasion　rupture　and　erosion　of　the　tunic　which
surrounds　the　eyeball。　But　pain；　heat；　and　extreme　burning　prevail
until　the　defluxions　are　concocted　and　become　thicker；　and　concretions
form　about　the　eyes；　and　the　coction　takes　place　from　the　fluids　being
mixed　up；　diluted；　and　digested　together。　And　in　defluxions　upon　the
throat；　from　which　are　formed　hoarseness；　cynanche；　crysipelas；　and
pneumonia；　all　these　have　at　first　saltish；　watery；　and　acrid
discharges；　and　with　these　the　diseases　gain　strength。　But　when　the
discharges　become　thicker；　more　concocted；　and　are　freed　from　all
acrimony；　then；　indeed；　the　fevers　pass　away；　and　the　other　symptoms
which　annoyed　the　patient；　for　we　must　account　those　things　the
cause　of　each　complaint；　which；　being　present　in　a　certain　fashion；
the　complaint　exists；　but　it　ceases　when　they　change　to　another
combination。　But　those　which　originate　from　pure　heat　or　cold；　and
do　not　participate　in　any　other　quality；　will　then　cease　when　they
undergo　a　change　from　cold　to　hot；　and　from　hot　to　cold；　and　they
change　in　the　manner　I　have　described　before。　Wherefore；　all　the　other
complaints　to　which　man　is　subject　arise　from　powers　（qualities？）。
Thus；　when　there　is　an　overflow　of　the　bitter　principle；　which　we　call
yellow　bile；　what　anxiety；　burning　heat；　and　loss　of　strength　prevail！
but　if　relieved　from　it；　either　by　being　purged　spontaneously；　or　by
means　of　a　medicine　seasonably　administered；　the　patient　is
decidedly　relieved　of　the　pains　and　heat；　but　while　these　things　float
on　the　stomach；　unconcocted　and　undigested；　no　contrivance　could
make　the　pains　and　fever　cease；　and　when　there　are　acidities　of　an
acrid　and　aeruginous　character；　what　varieties　of　frenzy；　gnawing
pains　in　the　bowels　and　chest；　and　inquietude；　prevail！　and　these　do
not　cease　until　the　acidities　be　purged　away；　or　are　calmed　down　and
mixed　with　other　fluids。　The　coction；　change；　attenuation；　and
thickening　into　the　form　of　humors；　take　place　through　many　and
various　forms；　therefore　the　crises　and　calculations　of　time　are　of
great　importance　in　such　matters；　but　to　all　such　changes　hot　and　cold
are　but　little　exposed；　for　these　are　neither　liable　to　putrefaction
nor　thickening。　What　then　shall　we　say　of　the　change？　that　it　is　a
combination　（crasis）　of　these　humors　having　different　powers　toward
one　another。　But　the　hot　does　not　loose　its　heat　when　mixed　with　any
other　thing　except　the　cold；　nor　again；　the　cold；　except　when　mixed
with　the　hot。　But　all　other　things　connected　with　man　become　the
more　mild　and　better　in　proportion　as　they　are　mixed　with　the　more
things　besides。　But　a　man　is　in　the　best　possible　state　when　they
are　concocted　and　at　rest；　exhibiting　no　one　peculiar　quality；　but　I
think　I　have　said　enough　in　explanation　of　them。
　　20。　Certain　sophists　and　physicians　say　that　it　is　not　possible
for　any　one　to　know　medicine　who　does　not　know　what　man　is　＇and　how　he
was　made　and　how　constructed＇；　and　that　whoever　would　cure　men
properly；　must　learn　this　in　the　first　place。　But　this　saying　rather
appertains　to　philosophy；　as　Empedocles　and　certain　others　have
described　what　man　in　his　origin　is；　and　how　he　first　was　made　and
constructed。　But　I　think　whatever　such　has　been　said　or　written　by
sophist　or　physician　concerning　nature　has　less　connection　with　the
art　of　medicine　than　with　the　art　of　painting。　And　I　think　that　one
cannot　know　anything　certain　respecting　nature　from　any　other
quarter　than　from　medicine；　and　that　this　knowledge　is　to　be
attained　when　one　comprehends　the　whole　subject　of　medicine
properly；　but　not　until　then；　and　I　say　that　this　history　shows　what
man　is；　by　what　causes　he　was　made；　and　other　things　accurately。
Wherefore　it　appears　to　me　necessary　to　every　physician　to　be
skilled　in　nature；　and　strive　to　know；　if　he　would　wish　to　perform　his
duties；　what　man　is　in　relation　to　the　articles　of　food　and　drink；　and
to　his　other　occupations；　and　what　are　the　effects　of　each　of　them
to　every　one。　And　it　is　not　enough　to　know　simply　that　cheese　is　a　bad
article　of　food；　as　disagreeing　with　whoever　eats　of　it　to　satiety；
but　what　sort　of　disturbance　it　creates；　and　wherefore；　and　with
what　principle　in　man　it　disagrees；　for　there　are　many　other
articles　of　food　and　drink　naturally　bad　which　affect　man　in　a
different　manner。　Thus；　to　illustrate　my　meaning　by　an　example；
undiluted　wine　drunk　in　large　quantity　renders　a　man　feeble；　and
everybody　seeing　this　knows　that　such　is　the　power　of　wine；　and　the
cause　thereof；　and　we　know；　moreover；　on　what　parts　of　a　man's　body　it
principally　exerts　its　action；　and　I　wish　the　same　certainty　to　appear
in　other　cases。　For　cheese　（since　we　used　it　as　an　example）　does　not
prove　equally　injurious　to　all　men；　for　there　are　some　who　can　take　it
to　satiety　without　being　hurt　by　it　in　the　least；　but；　on　the
contrary；　it　is　wonderful　what　strength　it　imparts　to　those　it
agrees　with；　but　there　are　some　who　do　not　bear　it　well；　their
constitutions　are　different；　and　they　differ　in　this　respect；　that
what　in　their　body　is　incompatible　with　cheese；　is　roused　and　put　in
commotion　by　such　a　thing；　and　those　in　whose　bodies　such　a　humor
happens　to　prevail　in　greater　quantity　and　intensity；　are　likely　to
suffer　the　more　from　it。　But　if　the　thing　had　been　pernicious　to　of
man；　it　would　have　hurt　all。　Whoever　knows　these　things　will　not
suffer　from　it。
　　21。　During　convalescence　from　diseases；　and　also　in　protracted
diseases；　many　disorders　occur；　some　spontaneously；　and　some　from
certain　things　accidentally　administered。　I　know　that　the　common
herd　of　physicians；　like　the　vulgar；　if　there　happen　to　have　been
any　innovation　made　about　that　day；　such　as　the　bath　being　used；　a
walk　taken；　or　any　unusual　food　eaten；　all　which　were　better　done　than
otherwise；　attribute　notwithstanding　the　cause　of　these　disorders；
to　some　of　these　things；　being　ignorant　of　the　true　cause　but
proscribing　what　may　have　been　very　proper。　Now　this　ought　not　to　be
so；　but　one　should　know　the　effects　of　a　bath　or　a　walk　unseasonably
applied；　for　thus　there　will　never　be　any　mischief　from　these
things；　nor　from　any　other　thing；　nor　from　repletion；　nor　from　such
and　such　an　article　of　food。　Whoever　does　not　know　what　effect　these
things　produce　upon　a　man；　cannot　know　the　consequences　which　result
from　them；　nor　how　to　apply　them。
　　22。　And　it　appears　to　me　that　one　ought　also　to　know　what　diseases
arise　in　man　from　the　powers；　and　what　from　the　structures。　What　do
I　mean　by　this？　By　powers；　I　mean　intense　and　strong　juices；　and　by
structures；　whatever　conformations　there　are　in　man。　For　some　are
hollow；　and　from　broad　contracted　into　narrow；　some　expanded；　some
hard　and　round；　some　broad　and　suspended；　some　stretched；　some　long；
some　dense；　some　rare　and　succulent；　some　spongy　and　of　loose　texture。
Now；　then；　which　of　these　figures　is　the　best　calculated　to　suck　to
itself　and　attract　humidity　from　another　body？　Whether　what　is
hollow　and　expanded；　or　what　is　solid　and　round；　or　what　is　hollow；
and　from　broad；　gradually　turning　narrow？　I　think　such　as　from
hollow　and　broad　are　contracted　into　narrow：　this　may　be　ascertained
otherwise　from　obvious　facts：　thus；　if　you　gape　wide　with　the　mouth
you　cannot　draw　in　any　liquid；　but　by　protruding；　contracting；　and
compressing　the　lips；　and　still　more　by　using　a　tube；　you　can
readily　draw　in　whatever　you　wish。　And　thus；　too；　the　instruments
which　are　used　for　cupping　ar