cyprus, as i saw it in 1879-第93节
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administration of the property； funds； and lands belonging to mosques；
cemeteries； Mussulman schools； and other religious establishments
existing in Cyprus。〃
The Turkish law courts were preserved in their original construction
under the supervision of the Commissioners of the six districts：
Lefkosia； Larnaca； Famagousta； Baffo； Limasol； Kyrenia。 These courts are
the Idari and Daavi； the Temiz or supreme court sitting in Lefkosia。 The
Idari and Daavi courts exist independently in each district。 The Cadi is
judge in the Idari； which is composed of three Mussulmans and two
Christians elected by the population； and this court is specially
presided over by the British Commissioner； and all cases in detail are
translated and entered in the register。 The Daavi Medjlis or court
consists of five membersthe Cadi； two Mussulmans； and two Christians。
An appeal from the decisions of these courts can be made to the High
Court of Temiz at Lefkosia； the decision of which is final； only subject
to the influence of Clauses XXII。 and XXIII。 in powers granted to the
High Commissioner by Order in Council of 14 September； 1878 ：…
〃XXII。 The Highmissioner may； as he shall see occasion； in her
Majesty's name and on her behalf； grant to any offender convicted of any
crime； in any court； or before any Judge； Justice； or Magistrate within
the said island； a free and unconditional pardon； or a pardon subject to
such conditions as may at any time be awfully thereunto annexed； or any
respite of the execution of the sentence of any such offender for such
period as to him may seem fit。〃
〃XXIII。 The High Commissioner may； as he shall see occasion； in her
Majesty's name and on her behalf； remit any fines； penalties； or
forfeitures which may accrue or become payable to her； provided the same
do not exceed the sum of fifty pounds sterling in any one case； and may
suspend the payment of any such fine； penalty； or forfeiture exceeding
the sum of fifty pounds until her Majesty's pleasure thereon shall be
made known and signified to him。〃
MIGRATORY BIRDS。
The birds of passage that visit Cyprus （excepting swallows）； exhibit a
peculiarity in their insignificant numbers compared with their
migrations upon the mainlands of Asia； Southern Europe； and Africa。 The
bustards that are so common in Turkey and Asia Minor are seldom seen。
The grey crane frequently passes over Cyprus without resting upon its
long flight； and in the month of March its loud cry may be heard so far
in the blue sky that it is difficult to distinguish the flocks of these
large birds at the stupendous height of their airy road towards the
north。 Even should the cranes condescend to rest for a short interval
during an unfavourable wind； they leave on the first opportunity。 I have
frequently heard them high in air travelling throughout the nightthus
during night and day they have been sailing northwards to make the most
of fair wind and weather。
The sand…grouse is to be seen occasionally on the plains of Messaria；
but never in the quantities that are met with in other neighbouring
countries。 Woodcocks are scarce； and those which are shot must have
halted in the island during their passage en route for other shores。
Snipe are very numerous in the marshes of Limasol salt lakes； Morphu；
Famagousta； Kuklia； and Larnaca。 Quails are never plentiful； and are
inferior in condition to those of Egypt and Southern Europe。 Wild ducks
are to be seen on the lake near Famagousta and at Limasol。 The
wood…pigeons； and doves； together with fly…catchers； arrive in April；
but never in large numbers。
Return of Villages； Population； etc。； of Famagousta District。
Villages Churches Mosques Turks Christians Total
Naleieh of Famasousta 9* 20 6 685 3；978 4；663
〃 Carpas 36 46 13 3；470 7；168 10；638
〃 Messaria 68 66 29 4；861 12；434 17；295
113 132 48 9；016 23；580 32；596
* Includes Famagousta town。
Piastres L s。 d。
The taxes for the year 1878 amounted to 1；370；221 = 11；418 10 4
（This being paid in Coime at a very
variable rate； it is scarcely correct
to reduce the amounts to sterling。）
The tithes of this district were farmed
out in 1878 for 。。。 。。。 。。。 25；000 0 0
Revenue therefore was 36；418 10 4
The taxes for the year 1879 amount to。。。 10；379 90
This does not include indirect taxes such as
Customs； say。。。 1；000 00
11；379 90
It is impossible to calculate the tithes yet for this year （1879）。 From
Famagousta the chief exports are corn； from Messaria； donkeys； fruit；
and pottery； the two latter chiefly from Varoshia。
Cyprus： Trooditissa Monastery；
4400 feet above the sea
21 September； 1879。
Messrs。 Macmillan & Co。
MY DEAR SIRS；
If I am in time to secure the last efforts of the printer perhaps this
letter in its integrity may convey the information which the autumnal
season has afforded。 The difficulty of all writers upon strange
countries lies in their short experience。 Each month exhibits the
changes of nature in seasons； meteorological phenomena； and vegetation；
thus the full twelve months should form the data for a detailed
description。 I closed my account of Cyprus in August； since which fruits
have ripened and various changes have developedall have afforded
information。
Taxation in kind； and Government valuation of produce while growing； has
been a crying evil that I have endeavoured to bring before the public as
one of those instances of injustice which stamps the oppressive system
of the Turkish administration； this unfortunately has not yet been
abolished by the British Government。 I have already described the
arbitrary and unjust laws that fetter the all…important wine trade；
which is the principal industry of Limasol； but since I forwarded the
manuscript to England I have myself witnessed the miserable effects of
the present laws during the advance of the season in ripening the
produce of the vineyards。
Three weeks ago I walked for some hours through the boundless extent of
grape cultivation at the foot of the mountains below the village of
Phyni； at that time the crop was ripe； and should have been gathered。
The bunches of dark red were equal to the finest hot…house grapes of
England； both in weight and in size of berries； the black were about the
average of the Black Hamburg； the white were smaller and about the size
of the common 〃sweet…water。〃 A day or two ago I again visited the same
vineyards； the grapes had not been gathered； and I computed that at
least one…third of the crop was destroyed by the delay。 The magnificent
bunches of dark red were for the most part shrivelled； one…half the
berries upon each cluster being reduced to the appearance of raisins；
and utterly devoid of juice； while many of the other varieties were
completely withered。 The explanation given by the people was simple
enough〃The official valuer had not appeared； and without his
certificate no grapes could be gathered。〃 There are only three valuers
to an extensive district； and it is physically impossible that they can
perform their duties； even were they inclined to attend when summoned to
each village； in the absence of some special inducement。 The actual
labour of walking up the abrupt inclines upon the mountain sides which
constitute the vineyards is most formidable； and at least four times the
staff is necessary； of young and capable men； if the valuation of the
crop is to be taken with due consideration to the interests of the
grower。 The distressing result that I have myself witnessed in the
partial destruction of the crops can admit of no excuse； but it exhibits
a painful example of mal…administration in the ruin attendant upon a
Turkish system of taxation。
Some persons may suggest that the dried and withered grapes would be
saleable as raisins： this is not the case。 Raisins are not merely dried
grapes； as is generally supposed； but the bunch of well…ripened berries
is dipped in a strong solution of potash； and is then either suspended
or is more generally laid upon a mat to dry。 In Cyprus the growers
seldom purchase potash； but they dip their grapes in a ley produced from
the ashes of certain woods。
The vineyards at this season are swarming with a species of beccaficos；
and the population are busy in catching these delicious birds with
sticks smeared with bird…lime。 It is a species of finch； a little larger
than the chaffinch； the plumage a brownish grey； when plucked the body
is much larger than the common beccaficos； but resembles it in
extraordinary fatness and delicacy of flavour。 The natives preserve them
by boiling in commanderia wine； and they are highly appreciated。 These
must be added to the migratory birds of Cyprus。
The acorns are nearly ripe； and I am assured by the monks that even
these insignificant productions pay a tax of 6d。 per kilo （about 32
lbs。）； and the crop is valued ac
