cyprus, as i saw it in 1879-第83节
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common people。 A cart…driver during the halt in a winter night simply
draws the hood over his head and face； and； wrapped in his long and
impervious capote； he lays himself beneath his cart and goes to sleep。
Coarse woollen saddle…cloths and bags are also made at Nicosia。 The same
locality is celebrated for manufactures of silk and gold embroidery； all
of which is performed by the hands of women； while the printing of
calicoes and the production of morocco leather are local industries
confined to the labour of men。
No country is better adapted for silk culture than Cyprus； where the
mulberry…tree grows in great luxuriance to the altitude of 5000 feet；
and the warmth and dryness of the climate is highly favourable to the
silkworm。 There is no tax upon the mulberry； and should artificial
irrigation be encouraged by the government； this tree should be
generally planted throughout the Messaria and all other districts； and a
special impulse should be directed to silk development。 Formerly the
production of silk was an important export to France； but of late years
it has decreased to a mere bagatelle。 In the spot where I am now writing
there are numerous mulberries in a profusion of rich foliage sufficient
for the production of two pounds of silk by each tree； but they are
entirely neglected； and the same depression in the silk cultivation may
be remarked throughout the island。
The numerous wild…flowers； together with the blossoms of oranges and
lemons； are highly favourable to bees； of which there are several
varieties； but there is no export of wax； which is used within the
island for the manufacture of candles and tapers for the various
churches。 The Cyprian bee…hive is a contrivance which is extremely
simple； at the same time that it possesses the great advantage of
sparing the bees when the comb is to be saved。 I see no reason why this
primitive arrangement should not succeed in England； and thereby save
countless swarms from destruction。
The hive is an earthenware cylinder about three feet six inches or four
feet in length； by ten or twelve inches in diameter； this might be
represented by a common chimney…pot。 One end is securely stopped by a
wad of straw； neatly made in a similar manner to the back of an archery
target。 This is smeared on the outside with clay so as to exclude the
air。 A similar wad is inserted at the other extremity； but this is
provided with a small aperture or entrance for the bees。 In a large
apiary twenty or thirty of these rude pipes or cylinders are piled one
upon the other in the same manner that draining tiles are heaped in
England； and they are protected from the sun and rain by a shed； open
only to the front。 The bees learn to recognise their several hives
without confusion； although the cylinders are exactly alike and closely
packed together。
When the comb is fully developed and the honey should be secured； it is
only necessary to open a hole in the back； by removing the wad； and to
blow smoke through the aperture； the bees escape uninjured from their
ordinary entrance。 The operator； whose head and face are protected with
the necessary veil； and his hands with gloves； now cuts out the honey
required； leaving a certain quantity as food for the bees； who will
return to their hive when re…adjusted。
When a swarm is captured； the bees are placed in an earthenware cylinder
which has been rubbed in the inside with a mixture of honey and wine。
The shed is a very important portion of the apiary； as it adds
materially to the comfort of the bees by protecting them from the
extremes of weather。
Although the cold of the winter seldom attains freezing…point； it is
sufficiently uncomfortable when accompanied by rain； and all creatures
that are expected to thrive require protection。 The climate varies in
different localities； but the following meteorological data； that were
carefully registered by myself； accompanied by those kindly furnished me
by Colonel White； 1st Royal Scots； when chief commissioner of Lefkosia；
will afford a dependable basis for any medical opinion。
Thermometer
in degrees F。
Months。 Inches Mean Mean Max。 Min。
Rainfall 8 AM 3 PM
February； in the plain of Messaria 。 。 0。80 46 57 68 37
March； in the Carpas district and ditto 1。71 49 60 68 45
April； in the Kyrenia district； the
maximum at Morphu 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 nil。 57 68 83 47
At 7 AM
May； in Limasol to 11th inst do。 。 。 。 ditto。 64 78 84 76
do。 Trooditissa； 4；340 ft。 to 31st
from 12th 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 0。30 56。5 62 73 42
June； Trooditissa 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 1。13 66 71。6 78 54
July； do。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 0。13 77。6 78 84 65
The fall of 1。13 inch of rain in June took place in one hour and a half；
and none of the rain which fell at the mountain range extended to the
low country。 It will be seen that from 1st February to the end of May
only 2。51 inches fell throughout the central and eastern divisions； and
very little that was measured in the Carpas district reached the
Messaria。 There was a fall of about 1。70 inch in January at Larnaca
which I had no opportunity of measuring； but inclusive of this quantity
the total rainfall from 1st January to the end of summer would not have
exceeded 4。21 inches in the lower country。
The month of July is shown to be the highest temperature at Trooditissa；
but although the maximum of 84 and the mean at 3 P。M。 of 78 degrees may
appear high at the elevation of 4340 feet above the sea level； the
extreme lightness and purity of the air so far modified the heat that it
was never oppressive。 The thermometer was suspended five feet from the
ground against the trunk of the shady walnut…tree four feet from the
tent wall； into which spot the sun never entered。
The water that issued from the rock by a stone spout beneath the arch
showed a temperature of 55 degrees and never varied throughout the
months of June； July； and August。 When the thermometer was above 80
degrees this water fresh from the spout appeared icy cold in comparison。
Colonel White's observations at Lefkosia （Nicosia） for the month of July
exhibit an extremely high range； the mean at 9 A。M。 = 84。5 Fahr。
degrees； and the mean at 9 P。M。 = 83 degrees Fahr。； while the daily
maximum attains the serious degree of a mean = 108。7 degrees Fahr。； the
highest point registered being 115 degrees Fahr。 in the shade。
Such a temperature will destroy the health of Europeans； and the
locality is not suitable for headquarters。 The governor of the island
might possibly escape to the mountain sanatorium； but the other
officials will sicken in their various overheated offices。
The following is Colonel White's original register：…
METEOROLOGICAL REGISTER AT NICOSIA。
442 FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL。
Instruments：Casella's maximum； minimum； and ordinary thermometers；
Negretti and Zambra's large…size aneroid barometer ； 29 feet above
ground； all under deep verandah； shaded from the sun； exposed to coolest
wind； and 5 feet above the roof of the house。 The readings taken
carefully。
H。 G。 WHITE； Lieut。…Colonel Royal Scots；
Commissioner； Nicosia。
4th August； 1879
CHAPTER XIX
POLITICAL REFLECTIONS。
In the foregoing chapters I have endeavoured to describe the present
condition of Cyprus； exhibiting the actual resources of the island；
together with the numerous disadvantages resulting from a peculiarity of
climate； and the total neglect of all public works during the Ottoman
rule of three centuries。 It will be remarked that nothing of value
exists beyond the agricultural productions； which are now precarious
through the uncertainty of seasons； the metallic wealth has either been
exhausted by the ancient miners； or it remains to be developed； the
forests have been destroyed； the harbours have been clogged by silt； the
communications are confined to pack animals in the general absence of
roads and bridges。 Yet； notwithstanding this neglected condition of
the island； the revenue has yielded an average of about 200；000 pounds
annually； or as nearly as possible one pound sterling per head of the
entire population。
An increase of revenue can only result from a corresponding advance in
material prosperity； which must depend upon an influx of capital that
will develop the agricultural resources upon which Cyprus will mainly
depend。 There are some few collateral profits that may perhaps increase；
such as the sponge fisheries； and a probable discovery of red coral by
the employment of the helmet…diving apparatus。 At present the condition
of the sea…bottom is little known； the sponges； of an inferior…quality；
are collected by dredging； and the boats pay a fixed sum for a licence
according to the size and construction of the dredging apparatus；
varying from 5 to 20 pounds per annum； this yields a small annual
revenue of about 1600 pounds； which embraces the entire coast of Cy
