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cyprus, as i saw it in 1879-µÚ75½Ú

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£§Transcriber's¡¡Note£º¡¡Omitted¡¡table¡¡of¡¡villages¡¡on¡¡page¡¡388
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There¡¡are¡¡other¡¡taxes¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of
succession¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡an¡¡individual¡¡which¡¡I
give¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡words¡¡as¡¡furnished¡¡to¡¡me¡¡by¡¡the
authority£º

Memorandum¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Defter¡¡Hakkani¡¡about¡¡the¡¡Transfer¡¡in¡¡Succesion¡¡of
Property¡£

When¡¡a¡¡man¡¡dies¡¡his¡¡properties¡¡must¡¡be¡¡duly¡¡transferred¡¡to¡¡his¡¡heirs£»
who¡¡must¡¡apply¡¡to¡¡the¡¡authorities¡¡within¡¡six¡¡months£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡have
the¡¡transfer¡¡made¡£

The¡¡transfer¡¡is¡¡made¡¡by¡¡giving¡¡a¡¡new¡¡Kotshan¡¡£¨Title£©£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡heirs¡¡in
exchange¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Kotshan¡¡of¡¡the¡¡deceased¡£

The¡¡right¡¡to¡¡the¡¡inheritance¡¡is¡¡stated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡as¡¡follows£º

¡¡1st£»¡¡To¡¡the¡¡son¡¡or¡¡daughter£»¡¡in¡¡want¡¡of¡¡which£»¡¡
¡¡2nd£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡grandson¡¡and¡¡granddaughter£»¡¡in¡¡want¡¡of¡¡which£»¡¡
¡¡3rd£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡father¡¡and¡¡mother£»¡¡in¡¡want¡¡of¡¡which£»¡¡
¡¡4th£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡brother¡¡from¡¡the¡¡same¡¡father¡¡and¡¡mother£»¡¡in¡¡want¡¡of¡¡which£»¡¡
¡¡5th£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡sister¡¡from¡¡the¡¡same¡¡father¡¡and¡¡mother£»¡¡in¡¡want¡¡of¡¡which£»¡¡
¡¡6th£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡brother¡¡from¡¡the¡¡same¡¡mother£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡want¡¡of¡¡which£»
¡¡7th£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡sister¡¡from¡¡the¡¡same¡¡mother¡£

The¡¡grandson¡¡and¡¡the¡¡granddaughter¡¡from¡¡right¡¡to¡¡the¡¡inheritance¡¡of¡¡the
share¡¡belonging¡¡to¡¡their¡¡father£»¡¡who¡¡may¡¡have¡¡died¡¡before¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of
their¡¡grandfather£»¡¡they¡¡inherit¡¡together¡¡with¡¡their¡¡uncles¡¡and¡¡aunts¡¡as
another¡¡direct¡¡son¡¡or¡¡daughter¡¡of¡¡the¡¡grandfather¡£

In¡¡all¡¡above¡¡stated¡¡degrees¡¡of¡¡inheritance£»¡¡except¡¡in¡¡the¡¡1st¡¡and¡¡2nd£»
the¡¡husband¡¡or¡¡wife¡¡has¡¡right¡¡to¡¡the¡¡fourth¡¡share¡¡of¡¡the¡¡land¡¡left¡¡by
the¡¡husband¡¡or¡¡wife¡£

This¡¡is¡¡for¡¡property¡¡in¡¡land¡¡£¨Arazi£©¡£

As¡¡to¡¡the¡¡freehold¡¡property¡¡£¨Emlak£©£»¡¡the¡¡male¡¡inhabitants¡¡two¡­thirds¡¡and
the¡¡female¡¡one¡­third£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡is¡¡very¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡enumerate¡¡the¡¡various
shades¡¡of¡¡division¡¡which¡¡are¡¡always¡¡made¡¡by¡¡the¡¡cadis¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the
Cheni¡¡law£»¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡Nizam¡¡law¡¡in¡¡this¡¡respect¡£

All¡¡system¡¡of¡¡endorsment¡¡on¡¡Kotshan¡¡is¡¡abolished¡£

The¡¡duty¡¡on¡¡transfer¡¡in¡¡succession¡¡of¡¡a¡¡freehold¡¡property¡¡is¡¡half¡¡the
fees¡¡on¡¡transfer¡¡by¡¡sale¡£

In¡¡transferring¡¡by¡¡sale¡¡the¡¡fees¡¡are¡¡1¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡on¡¡the¡¡value£»¡¡if¡¡this
freehold¡¡property¡¡is¡¡a¡¡real¡¡one¡¡£¨Emlaki¡¡Serfi£©£»¡¡and¡¡3¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡if¡¡it¡¡is
vacouf¡¡freehold¡¡property¡¡£¨Emlak¡¡Meocoofi£©¡£¡¡Besides¡¡this¡¡3¡¡piastres¡¡as
price¡¡of¡¡paper£»¡¡and¡¡1¡¡piastre¡¡as¡¡clerks'¡¡fees¡¡£¨Riataki£©¡¡are¡¡paid¡¡for
every¡¡new¡¡Kotshan¡£

The¡¡lands¡¡£¨Arazi£©¡¡pay¡¡5¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡indifferently¡¡on¡¡transfer¡¡by¡¡sale¡¡and
on¡¡transfer¡¡by¡¡succession¡£

The¡¡custom¡¡is¡¡to¡¡value¡¡lands¡¡at¡¡one¡¡year's¡¡rental£»¡¡or¡¡value¡¡of¡¡products¡£

If¡¡a¡¡house¡¡is¡¡occupied¡¡by¡¡the¡¡owner¡¡no¡¡tax¡¡on¡¡rental¡¡is¡¡demanded£»¡¡the
only¡¡tax¡¡demanded¡¡in¡¡that¡¡case¡¡being¡¡that¡¡on¡¡the¡¡proportionate¡¡value¡£

The¡¡proportionate¡¡values¡¡of¡¡real¡¡properties¡¡are¡¡not¡¡assessed¡¡for¡¡a¡¡fixed
period¡£¡¡Therefore¡¡the¡¡value£»¡¡once¡¡assessed£»¡¡can¡¡remain¡¡the¡¡same¡¡for¡¡many
years£»¡¡or¡¡it¡¡can¡¡be¡¡altered¡¡in¡¡the¡¡annual¡¡inspections¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Vakouat
Riatibs¡¡according¡¡to¡¡an¡¡increase¡¡or¡¡decrease¡¡of¡¡value¡¡that¡¡may¡¡take
place¡¡on¡¡account¡¡of¡¡repairs£»¡¡a¡¡general¡¡rise¡¡of¡¡value£»¡¡or¡¡partial¡¡or
entire¡¡destruction¡¡by¡¡fire£»¡¡rain£»¡¡&c¡£

The¡¡poverty¡¡of¡¡the¡¡agricultural¡¡classes¡¡was¡¡so¡¡generally¡¡acknowledged
even¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Turkish¡¡administration¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡absolutely¡¡necessary¡¡to
relieve¡¡them¡¡by¡¡some¡¡external¡¡assistance£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡therefore¡¡resolved¡¡in
1869¡¡to¡¡create¡¡an¡¡¡¨Agricultural¡¡Bank¡¡and¡¡a¡¡Locust¡¡Fund£»¡¨¡¡the¡¡principles
of¡¡this¡¡establishment¡¡are¡¡sufficiently¡¡original¡¡to¡¡attract¡¡attention¡£

In¡¡1871¡¡the¡¡Turkish¡¡government¡¡issued¡¡a¡¡decree¡¡that¡¡all¡¡cultivators¡¡of
the¡¡ground¡¡should¡¡pay¡¡to¡¡the¡¡authorities¡¡a¡¡sum¡¡of¡¡money¡¡equal¡¡to¡¡the
price¡¡of¡¡one¡¡kilo¡¡of¡¡wheat¡¡and¡¡one¡¡of¡¡barley¡¡for¡¡every¡¡pair¡¡of¡¡oxen¡¡in
their¡¡possession£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡create¡¡a¡¡capital¡¡for¡¡the¡¡new¡¡bank¡£¡¡The
number¡¡of¡¡oxen¡¡would¡¡represent¡¡the¡¡scale¡¡of¡¡every¡¡holding£»¡¡as¡¡they¡¡would
exhibit¡¡the¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡ploughs¡¡required¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡farm£»¡¡and¡¡thus¡¡yield
an¡¡approximate¡¡estimate¡¡of¡¡the¡¡area¡£

This¡¡arbitrary¡¡call¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡resources¡¡of¡¡the¡¡impoverished¡¡farmers¡¡was
an¡¡eccentric¡¡financial¡¡operation¡¡in¡¡the¡¡ostensible¡¡cause¡¡of¡¡assistance£»
but¡¡it¡¡produced¡¡a¡¡capital¡¡of¡¡169£»028¡¡piastres¡£¡¡The¡¡rate¡¡of¡¡interest¡¡upon
loans¡¡to¡¡individuals£»¡¡or¡¡for¡¡particular¡¡districts£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡of
destroying¡¡locusts¡¡was¡¡8¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡previous¡¡to¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1875£»¡¡and¡¡was
increased¡¡to¡¡12¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡since¡¡that¡¡period¡£¡¡Receipts¡¡for¡¡all¡¡sums
borrowed¡¡for¡¡the¡¡public¡¡benefit¡¡of¡¡locust¡¡destruction¡¡were¡¡signed¡¡by¡¡the
head¡­men¡¡and¡¡members¡¡of¡¡councils¡¡of¡¡villages¡£

At¡¡first¡¡sight¡¡the¡¡establishment¡¡of¡¡an¡¡agricultural¡¡bank¡¡sounded
propitious¡¡as¡¡a¡¡step¡¡in¡¡the¡¡right¡¡direction£»¡¡but£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the
conditions¡¡of¡¡all¡¡loans£»¡¡it¡¡became¡¡usurious£»¡¡and¡¡saddled¡¡the¡¡unfortunate
farmers¡¡after¡¡a¡¡few¡¡bad¡¡seasons¡¡with¡¡debts¡¡that¡¡could¡¡never¡¡be¡¡paid¡¡off¡£
If¡¡X¡¡borrowed¡¡1000¡¡pounds£»¡¡he¡¡received¡¡only¡¡880¡¡pounds£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡year's
interest¡¡was¡¡deducted¡¡in¡¡advance£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡was¡¡afterwards¡¡charged¡¡compound
interest¡¡at¡¡12¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡1000¡¡pounds¡£¡¡Compound¡¡interest
at¡¡12¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡means¡¡speedy¡¡ruin¡£

Upon¡¡an¡¡examination¡¡of¡¡the¡¡accounts£»¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡affair¡¡represents
apparently¡¡large¡¡figures¡¡in¡¡piastres£»¡¡which¡¡when¡¡reduced¡¡to¡¡pounds
sterling¡¡presents¡¡a¡¡miserable¡¡total¡¡that¡¡proves¡¡the¡¡failure¡¡of¡¡the
enterprise¡£¡¡As¡¡I¡¡have¡¡already¡¡stated£»¡¡a¡¡¡¨bank¡¨¡¡could¡¡not¡¡succeed¡¡in
Cyprus¡¡if¡¡it¡¡were¡¡established¡¡specially¡¡to¡¡benefit¡¡the¡¡agriculturist£»
money¡¡can¡¡always¡¡command¡¡10¡¡per¡¡cent¡££»¡¡while¡¡the¡¡farmer¡¡should¡¡obtain
the¡¡loans¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡irrigation¡¡at¡¡a¡¡maximum¡¡of¡¡6¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡if¡¡he¡¡is
really¡¡to¡¡be¡¡encouraged¡£¡¡This¡¡can¡¡only¡¡be¡¡accomplished¡¡through¡¡a
Government¡¡or¡¡National¡¡Bank£»¡¡expressly¡¡organised¡¡for¡¡the¡¡purpose¡¡of
developing¡¡the¡¡agricultural¡¡interests¡£¡¡As¡¡the¡¡government¡¡can¡¡obtain¡¡any
amount¡¡at¡¡4¡¡per¡¡cent¡££»¡¡the¡¡National¡¡Bank¡¡could¡¡well¡¡afford¡¡to¡¡lend¡¡at¡¡6£»
especially¡¡as¡¡the¡¡loan¡¡would¡¡be¡¡secured¡¡by¡¡a¡¡first¡¡mortgage£»¡¡to¡¡take
precedence¡¡of¡¡all¡¡other¡¡claims¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡property¡£

The¡¡¡¨Locust¡¡Fund¡¨¡¡was¡¡an¡¡admirable¡¡institution¡¡which¡¡has¡¡achieved¡¡great
results¡£¡¡There¡¡can¡¡be¡¡little¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡throughout¡¡the¡¡world's¡¡history
man¡¡has¡¡exhibited¡¡a¡¡lamentable¡¡apathy¡¡in¡¡his¡¡passive¡¡submission¡¡to¡¡the
depredations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡insect¡¡tribe£»¡¡whereas¡¡by¡¡a¡¡system¡¡of¡¡organisation¡¡he
would¡¡at¡¡the¡¡least¡¡have

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