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cyprus, as i saw it in 1879-µÚ56½Ú

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and¡¡the¡¡bribes¡¡and¡¡extra¡¡payments¡¡extracted¡¡from¡¡the¡¡vine¡­growers¡¡are
represented¡¡in¡¡the¡¡gross¡¡sum¡¡mentioned¡¡as¡¡amounting¡¡to¡¡40¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡upon
the¡¡general¡¡produce¡¡of¡¡the¡¡vineyard¡£¡¡The¡¡reforms¡¡already¡¡established¡¡by
the¡¡abolition¡¡of¡¡the¡¡nefarious¡¡system¡¡of¡¡tax¡­farming¡¡have¡¡relieved¡¡the
vine¡­growers¡¡from¡¡the¡¡most¡¡serious¡¡oppression£»¡¡but¡¡sufficient¡¡abuses
remain¡¡to¡¡demand¡¡a¡¡radical¡¡change£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡industry¡¡for¡¡which¡¡Cyprus¡¡is
specially¡¡adapted¡¡by¡¡nature¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡encouraged¡£

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manufacture¡¡of¡¡wine¡¡from¡¡the¡¡first¡¡bursting¡¡of¡¡the¡¡young¡¡vines£»¡¡I¡¡will
now¡¡examine¡¡the¡¡system¡¡of¡¡arbitrary¡¡interference¡¡to¡¡which¡¡the¡¡vine¡­
grower¡¡is¡¡exposed¡¡through¡¡the¡¡successive¡¡stages¡¡of¡¡his¡¡employment¡£

The¡¡first¡¡tax¡¡is¡¡perfectly¡¡fair£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡is¡¡calculated¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the
rateable¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡land£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡divided¡¡into¡¡three¡¡classes¡£¡¡These
qualities¡¡of¡¡soil¡¡vary¡¡in¡¡the¡¡valuation¡¡from

¡¡No¡£¡¡1¡¡=¡¡500¡¡piastres¡¡the¡¡donum¡¡£¨about¡¡half¡¡an¡¡acre£©¡¡to
¡¡No¡£¡¡3¡¡=¡¡100¡¡piastres¡¡the¡¡donum

The¡¡malliea£»¡¡or¡¡annual¡¡tax¡¡upon¡¡these¡¡valuations¡¡per¡¡donum£»¡¡is¡¡2¡¡per
cent¡£

When¡¡the¡¡grapes¡¡are¡¡nearly¡¡ripe£»¡¡they¡¡must¡¡be¡¡valued¡¡before¡¡the
proprietor¡¡has¡¡a¡¡right¡¡to¡¡gather¡¡his¡¡crop¡£¡¡He¡¡is¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡present
himself¡¡at¡¡the¡¡government¡¡office¡¡at¡¡Limasol£»¡¡many¡¡miles¡¡from¡¡his¡¡estate£»
to¡¡petition¡¡for¡¡the¡¡attendance¡¡of¡¡the¡¡official¡¡valuer£»¡¡called¡¡the
¡¨mahmoor£»¡¨¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡day¡£¡¡This¡¡may¡¡or¡¡may¡¡not¡¡be¡¡granted£»¡¡but¡¡at
all¡¡events¡¡one¡¡or¡¡two¡¡days¡¡have¡¡been¡¡expended¡¡in¡¡the¡¡journey¡£

Should¡¡the¡¡mahmoor¡¡arrive£»¡¡which¡¡he¡¡frequently¡¡does¡¡not£»¡¡at¡¡the
appointed¡¡time£»¡¡the¡¡medjlis£»¡¡or¡¡council¡¡of¡¡the¡¡villages£»¡¡appoints¡¡a
special¡¡arbitrator¡¡to¡¡represent¡¡their¡¡£¨the¡¡vine¡­growers£©¡¡interests£»¡¡and
he¡¡accompanies¡¡the¡¡government¡¡official¡¡during¡¡his¡¡examination¡¡of¡¡the
vineyards¡£¡¡After¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡haggling¡¡and¡¡discussion£»¡¡an
approximate¡¡weight¡¡of¡¡grapes¡¡is¡¡agreed¡¡upon£»¡¡the¡¡mahmoor¡¡declaring¡¡the
ultimate¡¡amount¡¡far¡¡above¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡crop¡¡per¡¡donum£º¡¡and¡¡the¡¡tax¡¡is
determined¡¡according¡¡to¡¡their¡¡quality£»¡¡resolved¡¡into¡¡two¡¡classes£º

¡¡No¡£¡¡1£»¡¡the¡¡commanderia£»¡¡and¡¡other¡¡superior¡¡varieties£»¡¡pay¡¡25¡¡paras¡¡the¡¡oke¡£
¡¡No¡£¡¡2£»¡¡all¡¡other¡¡grapes¡¡pay¡¡16¡¡paras¡¡the¡¡oke¡£

But¡¡these¡¡taxes¡£¡¡are¡¡modified¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡abundance¡¡and¡¡quality¡¡of
the¡¡grapes¡¡in¡¡each¡¡successive¡¡season£»¡¡being¡¡sometimes¡¡more¡¡or¡¡less¡¡than
the¡¡figures¡¡given¡£¡¡The¡¡crop¡¡is¡¡generally¡¡ripe¡¡towards¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡August£»
and¡¡the¡¡tax£»¡¡having¡¡been¡¡determined£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡paid¡¡during¡¡the¡¡following
January£»¡¡March£»¡¡or¡¡May¡£

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established£»¡¡the¡¡proprietor¡¡may¡¡gather¡¡his¡¡crop£»¡¡and¡¡press¡¡it¡¡for¡¡wine¡£
The¡¡rows¡¡of¡¡enormous¡¡jars¡¡are¡¡at¡¡length¡¡filled£º¡¡eventually¡¡the¡¡wine¡¡is
ready¡¡for¡¡sale¡£

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or¡¡forty¡¡miles¡¡distant£»¡¡to¡¡petition¡¡for¡¡the¡¡government¡¡official¡¡to
measure¡¡the¡¡contents¡¡of¡¡the¡¡jars£»¡¡without¡¡such¡¡an¡¡examination£»¡¡no¡¡wine
can¡¡be¡¡removed¡¡from¡¡the¡¡stores¡£

This¡¡is¡¡another¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡time¡¡to¡¡the¡¡grower£»¡¡and¡¡occasions¡¡an¡¡expense¡¡for
himself¡¡and¡¡mule¡¡for¡¡the¡¡journey¡£

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general¡¡examination¡¡of¡¡the¡¡quality¡¡of¡¡the¡¡district¡¡produce¡¡must¡¡be
completed£»¡¡and£»¡¡an¡¡average¡¡value¡¡having¡¡been¡¡determined£»¡¡the¡¡tax¡¡of¡¡10
per¡¡cent¡£¡¡must¡¡be¡¡paid¡¡ad¡¡valorem¡£

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vexatious¡¡delays¡¡and¡¡expensive¡¡journeys£»¡¡entailing¡¡loss¡¡of¡¡time¡¡for¡¡men
and¡¡mules£»¡¡the¡¡vine¡­grower¡¡wishes¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡his¡¡wine¡¡to¡¡market¡£

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quarters£»¡¡either¡¡at¡¡Kilani¡¡or¡¡one¡¡other¡¡village£»¡¡to¡¡obtain¡¡a¡¡teskeri£»¡¡or
permit£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡quantity¡¡that¡¡he¡¡wishes¡¡to¡¡convey¡£¡¡After¡¡this¡¡trouble
and¡¡delay¡¡he¡¡returns¡¡to¡¡his¡¡home¡¡with¡¡the¡¡official¡¡permit¡¡to¡¡remove¡¡to¡¡a
specified¡¡place¡¡£¨generally¡¡Limasol£©¡¡a¡¡fixed¡¡quantity¡¡of¡¡wine£»¡¡which¡¡is
calculated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡load£»¡¡one¡¡load¡¡equals¡¡128¡¡okes¡¡of¡¡2¡£75¡¡lbs¡£
avoirdupois£»¡¡and£»¡¡packed¡¡in¡¡goat¡­skins£»¡¡is¡¡carried¡¡by¡¡two¡¡mules¡£

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he¡¡starts¡¡upon¡¡his¡¡long¡¡journey¡¡over¡¡steep¡¡mountain¡¡rocky¡¡paths¡¡to
Limasol£»¡¡where¡¡he¡¡will¡¡sell¡¡his¡¡load¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wine¡­merchant£»¡¡who
subsequently¡¡will¡¡ship¡¡it¡¡to¡¡the¡¡various¡¡ports¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Mediteranean¡£

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after¡¡a¡¡few¡¡hours'¡¡exposure¡¡to¡¡the¡¡heat£»¡¡about¡¡the¡¡temperature¡¡of¡¡the
hottest¡¡bath£»¡¡thus¡¡absorbing¡¡the¡¡vile¡¡smells¡¡of¡¡the¡¡primitive¡¡but¡¡secure
package¡£¡¡The¡¡owner¡¡is¡¡well¡¡aware¡¡that¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡his¡¡wine¡¡will¡¡depend
upon¡¡the¡¡flavour£»¡¡therefore¡¡he¡¡hurries¡¡his¡¡mules¡¡forward£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to
deliver¡¡it¡¡as¡¡quickly¡¡as¡¡possible¡¡to¡¡the¡¡merchant£»¡¡before¡¡it¡¡shall¡¡be
contaminated¡¡by¡¡the¡¡skins¡£

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wine¡¡must¡¡be¡¡weighed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡government¡¡official¡¡at¡¡the¡¡public
weighing¡­place£»¡¡specially¡¡assigned¡¡for¡¡the¡¡wine¡¡trade£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡drives¡¡his
laden¡¡and¡¡tired¡¡mules¡¡to¡¡the¡¡yard¡£¡¡Here¡¡he¡¡finds¡¡some¡¡hundreds¡¡of¡¡mules
and¡¡their¡¡proprietors¡¡in¡¡a¡¡similar¡¡position¡¡to¡¡himself£»¡¡however£»¡¡there
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meantime¡¡they¡¡must¡¡purchase¡¡food¡¡for¡¡their¡¡mules¡¡and¡¡seek¡¡quarters¡¡for
themselves¡£

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AMOUNT¡¡OF¡¡TAXATION¡£

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mules¡¡are¡¡arriving¡¡with¡¡their¡¡loads£»¡¡their¡¡owners¡¡all¡¡desirous¡¡of
despatch£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡hours¡¡fast¡¡wearing¡¡away¡£¡¡The¡¡next¡¡day¡¡is¡¡probably¡¡a
Greek¡¡holiday£»¡¡and¡¡all¡¡the¡¡merchants'¡¡stores¡¡are¡¡shut¡¡£¨there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡Greek
holiday¡¡at¡¡least¡¡once¡¡a¡¡week£»generally¡¡twice£©¡£¡¡The¡¡unfortunate
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from¡¡the¡¡delay¡¡thus¡¡occasioned¡¡at¡¡Limasol¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£¡¡¡£

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added¡¡to¡¡the¡¡10¡¡per¡¡cent¡£¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡wine£»¡¡makes¡¡a¡¡total¡¡of¡¡15¡¡per¡¡cent¡£
upon¡¡wine¡¡and¡¡spirit¡¡included¡£

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vine¡­grower¡¡to¡¡calculate¡¡the¡¡actual¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡his¡¡wine£»¡¡as¡¡the¡¡loss¡¡of
time£»¡¡expense¡¡of¡¡journeys£»¡¡and¡¡uncertainty¡¡of¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡delays¡¡are
entirely¡¡beyond¡¡his¡¡control¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡therefore¡¡extremely¡¡difficult¡¡to
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data¡¡in¡¡my¡¡possession¡¡it¡¡is¡¡nearly¡¡as¡¡follows£º

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yield¡¡an¡¡average¡¡of¡¡one¡¡load¡¡and¡¡a¡¡half¡¡of¡¡wine¡¡=¡¡192¡¡okes¡¡=¡¡528¡¡lbs¡£

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