the origins of contemporary france-4-第36节

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produce　the　rest。　　The　object　then；　is　to　fashion　men　capable　of

physical；　mental　or　moral　labor；　the　most　energetic；　the　most

persistent；　the　most　skillful　and　most　productive；　now；　we　already

know　the　conditions　of　their　formation。　　It　is　essential　and

sufficient；　that　the　vivacious　sources；　described　above；　should　flow

there；　on　the　spot；　each　through　its　natural　outlet；　and　under　the

control　of　the　owner。　　On　this　condition　the　jet　becomes　more

vigorous；　for　the　acquired　impetus　increases　the　original　outflow；　the

producer　becomes　more　and　more　skillful；　since　'practice　makes

perfect。'　Those　around　him　likewise　become　better　workmen；　inasmuch　as

they　find　encouragement　in　his　success　and　avail　themselves　of　his

discoveries。　　…　Thus；　simply　because　the　State　respects；　and　enforces

respect；　for　these　individual　sources　in　private　hands；　it　develops　in

individuals；　as　well　as　in　those　around　them；　the　will　and　the　talent

for　producing　much　and　well；　the　faculty　for；　and　desire　to；　keep　on

producing　more　and　better；　in　other　words；　all　sorts　of　energies　and

capacities；　each　of　its　own　kind　and　in　its　own　place；　with　all

compatible　fullness　and　efficiency。　　Such　is　the　office；　and　the　sole

office；　of　the　State；　first　in　relation　to　the　turbid　and　frigid

springs　issuing　from　selfishness　and　self…conceit；　whose　operations

demand　its　oversight；　and　next　for　still　stronger　reasons；　in　relation

to　the　warm　and　pure　springs　whose　beneficence　is　unalloyed；　as　in　the

family　affections　and　private　friendships；　again；　in　relation　to　those

rarer　and　higher　springs；　such　as　the　love　of　beauty；　the　yearning　for

truth；　the　spirit　of　association；　patriotism　and　love　of　mankind；　and；

finally；　for　still　stronger　reasons；　in　relation　to　the　two　most

sacred　and　salutary　of　all　springs；　conscience　which　renders　will

subject　to　duty；　and　honor　which　makes　will　the　support　of　justice。

Let　the　State　prevent；　as　well　as　abstain　from；　any　interference　with

either；　let　this　be　its　object　and　nothing　more；　its　abstention　is　as

necessary　as　its　vigilance。　　Let　it　guard　both；　and　it　will　see

everywhere　growing　spontaneously；　hourly；　each　in　degree　according　to

conditions　of　time　and　place；　the　most　diligent　and　most　competent

workmen；　the　agriculturist；　the　manufacturer；　the　merchant；　the

savant；　the　artist；　the　inventor；　the　propagandist；　the　husband　and

wife；　the　father　and　mother；　the　patriot；　the　philanthropist　and　the

sister　of　charity。



On　the　contrary；　if；　like　our　Jacobins；　the　State　seeks　to　confiscate

every　natural　force　to　its　own　profit；　it　seeks　to　make　affection　for

itself　paramount；　if　it　strives　to　suppress　all　other　passions　and

interests；　if　it　tolerates　no　other　preoccupation　than　that　which

concerns　the　common　weal；　if　it　tries　to　forcibly　convert　every　member

of　society　into　a　Spartan　or　Jesuit；　then；　at　enormous　cost；　will　it

not　only　destroy　private　fountains；　and　spread　devastation　over　the

entire　territory；　but　it　will　destroy　its　own　fountain…head。　　We　honor

the　State　only　for　the　services　it　renders　to　us；　and　proportionately

to　these　services　and　the　security　it　affords　us；　and　to　the　liberty

which　it　ensures　us　under　the　title　of　universal　benefactor；　when　it

deliberately　wounds　us　through　our　dearest　interests　and　most　tender

affections；　when　it　goes　so　far　as　to　attack　our　honor　and　conscience；

when　it　becomes　the　universal　wrong…doer；　our　affection　for　it；　in　the

course　of　time；　turns　into　hatred。　　Let　this　system　be　maintained；　and

patriotism；　exhausted；　dries　up；　and；　one　by　one；　all　other　beneficent

springs；　until；　finally；　nothing　is　visible　over　the　whole　country；

but　stagnant　pools　or　overwhelming　torrents；　inhabited　by　passive

subjects　or　depredators。　　As　in　the　Roman　empire　in　the　fourth

century；　in　Italy　in　the　seventeenth　century；　in　the　Turkish　provinces

in　our　own　day；　naught　remains　but　an　ill…conducted　herd　of　stunted；

torpid　creatures；　limited　to　their　daily　wants　and　animal　instincts；

indifferent　to　the　public　welfare　and　to　their　own　prospective

interests；　so　degenerate　as　to　have　lost　sight　of　their　own

discoveries；　unlearned　their　own　sciences；　arts　and　industries；　and；

in　short；　and　worse　than　all；　base；　false；　corrupted　souls　entirely

wanting　in　honor　and　conscience。　　Nothing　is　more　destructive　than　the

unrestricted　meddling　of　the　State；　even　when　wise　and　paternal；　in

Paraguay；　under　the　discipline　of　Jesuits；　so　minute　in　its　details；

〃Indian　physiognomy　appeared　like　that　of　animals　taken　in　a　trap。〃

They　worked；　ate；　drank　and　gave　birth　by　sound　of　bells；　under　watch

and　ward；　correctly　and　mechanically；　but　showing　no　liking　for

anything；　not　even　for　their　own　existence；　being　transformed　into　so

may　automatons；　at　least　it　may　be　said　is　that　the　means　employed　to

produce　this　result　were　gentle　and　that　they；　before　their

transformation　were　mere　brutes。　　But　those　who　the　revolutionary…

Jesuit　now　undertakes　to　transform　into　robots；　and　by　harsh　means；

are　human　beings。



VIII。



Comparison　between　despotisms。　　…　Philip　II　and　Louis　XIV。　　…　Cromwell

and　Frederick　the　Great。　　…　Peter　the　Great　and　the　Sultans。　　…

Relationship　between　the　tasks　the　Jacobins　are　to　carry　out　and　the

assets　at　their　disposal。　　…　Disproportion　between　the　burdens　they

are　to　carry　and　the　forces　at　their　disposal。　　…　Folly　of　their

undertaking。　　…　Physical　force　the　only　governmental　force　they

possess。　　…　They　are　compelled　to　exercise　it。　　…　They　are　compelled

to　abuse　it。　　…　Character　of　their　government。　　…　Character　requisite

of　their　leaders。



Several　times；　in　European　history；　despotism　almost　equally　harsh

have　born　down　heavily　on　human　effort；　but　never　have　any　of　them

been　so　thoroughly　inept；　for　none　have　ever　attempted　to　raise　so

heavy　a　mass　with　so　short　a　lever。

And　to　start　with；　no　matter　how　authoritative　the　despot　might　have

been；　his　intervention　was　limited。　　…　　Philip　II。　　burned　heretics；

persecuted　Moors　and　drove　out　Jews；　Louis　XIV。　　forcibly　converted

the　Protestants；　but　both　used　violence　only　against　dissenters；　about

a　fifteenth　or　a　twentieth　of　their　subjects。　　If　Cromwell；　on

becoming　Protector；　remained　sectarian；　and　the　compulsory　servant　of

an　army　of　sectarians；　he　took　good　care　not　to　impose　on　other

churches　the　theology；　rites　and　discipline　of　his　own　church；＇18＇　on

the　contrary；　he　repressed　fanatical　outrages；　protected　the

Anabaptists　as　well　as　his　Independents。　　He　granted　paid　curates　to

the　Presbyterians　as　well　as　the　public　exercise　of　their　worship；　he

showed　the　Episcopalians　a　large　tolerance　and　gave　them　the　right　to

worship　in　private；　he　maintained　the　two　great　Anglican　universities

and　allowed　the　Jews　to　erect　a　synagogue。　　…　Frederick　II。　　drafted

into　his　army　every　able…bodied　peasant　that　he　could　feed；　he　kept

every　man　twenty　years　in　the　service；　under　a　discipline　worse　than

slavery；　with　almost　certain　prospect　of　death；　and　in　his　last　war；

he　sacrificed　about　one　sixth　of　his　male　subjects；＇19＇　but　they　were

serfs；　and　his　conscription　did　not　touch　the　bourgeois　class。　　He　put

his　hands　in　the　pockets　of　the　bourgeois　and　of　every　other　man；　and

took　every　crown　they　had；　when　driven　to　it；　he　adulterated　coin　and

stopped　paying　his　functionaries；　but；　under　the　scrutiny　of　his　eyes；

always　open；　the　administration　was　honest；　the　police　effective；

justice　exact；　toleration　unlimited；　and　the　freedom　of　the　press

complete；　the　king　allowed　the　publication　of　the　most　cutting

pamphlets　against　himself；　and　their　public　sale；　even　at　Berlin。　　…　A

little　earlier；　in　the　great　empire　of　the　east；　Peter　the　Great；＇20＇

with　whip　in　hand；　lashed　his　Muscovite　bears　and　made　them　drill　and

dance　in　European　fashion；　but　were　bears　accustomed　from　father　to

son　to　the　whip　and　chain；　moreover；　he　stood　as　the　orthodox　head　of

their　faith；　and　left　their　mir　（the　village　commune）　untouched。　　…

Finally；　at　the　other　extremity　of　Europe；　and　even　outside　of　Europe；

in　the　seventh　century　the　caliph；　in　the　fifteenth　century　a　sultan；

a　Mahomet　or　an　Omar；　a　fanatical　Arab　or　brutal　Turk；　who　had　just

overcome　Christians　with　the　sword；　himself　assigned　the　limits　of　his

own　absolutism：　if　the　vanquished　were　reduced　to　the　condition　of

heavily　ransomed　tributaries　and　of　inferiors　daily　humiliated；　he

allowed　them　their　worship；　civil　laws　and　domestic　usages；　he　left

them　their　institutions；　their　convents　and　their　schools；　he　allowed

them　to　administer　the　affairs　of　their　own　community　as　they　pleased

under　the　jurisdiction　of　their　patriarch；　or　other　natural

chieftains。　　…　Thus　whatever　the　tyrant　may　have　been；　he　did　not

attempt　to　entirely　recast　Man；　nor　to　subject　all　his　subjects　to　the

recasting。　　However　penetrating　the　tyranny；　it　stopped　in　the　soul　at

a　certain　point；　that　point　reached；　the　sentiments　were　left　free。

No　matter　how　co