the origins of contemporary france-4-第30节

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！


year　II。）　the　commissary　announces　that；　at　Fontainebleau　and　other

places；　〃he　has　established　the　system　of　equality　in　the　prisons　and

places　of　confinement；　where　the　rich　and　the　poor　partake　of　the　same

food。〃　…　Ibid。；　210。　　（Meeting　of　the　Jacobins；　Vendémiaire　29；　year

II。　　Speech　by　Laplance　on　his　mission　to　Gers。）　〃Priests　had　every

comfort　in　their　secluded　retreats；　the　sans…culottes　in　the　prisons

slept　on　straw。　　The　former　provided　me　with　mattresses　for　the

latter。〃　…　Ibid。；　XVIII。；　445。　　（Meeting　of　the　convention；　Brumaire

26；　year　II。）　〃The　Convention　decrees　that　the　food　of　persons　kept　in

places　of　confinement　shall　be　simple　and　the　same　for　all；　the　rich

paying　for　the　poor。〃



＇113＇　Archives　Nationales。　　（AF。　　II。；　37；　order　of　Lequinio；　Saintes；

Nivose　1；　year　II。）　〃Citizens　generally　in　all　communes；　are　requested

to　celebrate　the　day　of　the　decade　by　a　fraternal　banquet　which；

served　without　luxury　or　display　。　　。　　。　　will　render　the　man　bowed

down　with　fatique　insensible　to　his　forlorn　condition；　which　will　fill

the　soul　of　the　poor　and　unfortunate　with　the　sentiment　of　social

equality　and　raise　man　up　to　the　full　sense　of　his　dignity；　which　will

suppress　with　the　rich　man　the　slightest　feeling　of　pride　and

extinguish　in　the　public　functionary　all　germs　of　haughtiness　and

aristocracy。〃



＇114＇　Archives　Nationales；　AF。　　II。；　ii。；　48　（Act　of　Floréal　25；　year

II。）　〃the　Committee　of　Public　Safety　request　David；　representative　of

the　people；　to　present　his　views　and　plans　in　relation　to　modifying

the　present　national　costume；　so　as　to　render　it　appropriate　to

republican　habits　and　the　character　of　the　Revolution。〃　…　Ibid。；　（Act

of　Prairial　5；　year　II。）　for　engraving　and　coloring　twenty　thousand

impressions　of　the　design　for　a　civil　uniform；　and　six　thousand

impressions　for　the　three　designs　for　a　military；　judicial　and

legislative　uniform。



＇115＇　An　identical　change　took；　strangely　enough　and　as　caused　by　some

hidden　force；　place　in　Denmark　in　the　seventies。　　（SR。）



＇116＇　This　is　now　the　case　in　the　entire　Western　'democratic'　sphere；

in　newspapers；　schools；　and　on　television。　　（SR。）



＇117＇　Ibid；　XXXI。；　271。　　（Report　by　Robespierre；　Pluviose　1；　year　II。）

〃This　sublime　principle　supposes　a　preference　for　public　interests

over　all　private　interests；　from　which　it　follows　that　the　love　of

country　supposes　again；　or　produces；　all　the　virtues。〃　〃As　the　essence

of　a　republic　or　of　democracy　is　equality；　it　follows　that　love　of

country　necessarily　comprises　a　love　of　equality。〃　〃The　soul　of　the

Republic　is　virtue；　equality。〃　…　Lavalette；　〃Memoirs；〃　I。；　254。

（Narrated　by　Madame　Lavalette。）　She　was　compelled　to　attend　public

festivals；　and；　every　month；　the　patriotic　processions。　　〃I　was　rudely

treated　by　my　associates；　the　low　women　of　the　quarter；　the　daughter

of　an　emigré；　of　a　marquis；　or　of　an　imprisoned　mother；　ought　not　to

be　allowed　the　honor　of　their　company；　。。。。　　it　was　all　wrong　that　she

was　not　made　an　apprentice。。。。　　Hortense　de　Beauharnais　was

apprenticed　to　her　mother's　seamstress；　while　Eugene　was　put　with　a

carpenter　in　the　Faubourg　St。　　Germain。〃　The　prevailing　dogmatism　has

a　singular　effect　with　simple…minded　people。　　（Archives　Nationals；　AF。

II。；　135。　　petition　of　Ursule　Riesler；　servant　to　citizen　Estreich　and

arrested　along　with　him；　addressed　to　Garneri；　agent　of　the　Committee

of　Public　Safety。　　She　begs　citizen　Garnerin　to　interest　himself　in

obtaining　her　freedom。　　She　will　devote　her　life　to　praying　to　the

Supreme　Being　for　him；　since　he　will　redeem　her　life。　　He　is　to

furnish　her；　moreover；　with　the　means　for　espousing　a　future　husband；

a　genuine　republican；　by　who　she　is　pregnant；　and　who　would　not　allow

her　to　entertain　any　idea　of　fanatical　capers。









CHAPTER　II。



I。



Reactionary　concept　of　the　State。　　…　Analogy　between　this　idea　of　the

State　and　that　of　antiquity。　　…　Difference　between　antique　and　modern

society。　　…　Changed　circumstances。



The　Jacobin　theory　can　then　be　summarized　in　the　following　points：



*　The　speculative　creation　of　a　curtailed　type　of　human　being。

*　An　effort　to　adapt　the　living　man　to　this　type。

*　The　interference　of　public　authority　in　every　branch　of　public

endeavor。

*　Constraints　put　upon　labor；　trade　and　property；　upon　the　family　and

education；　upon　worship；　habits；　customs　and　sentiments。

*　The　sacrifice　of　the　individual　to　the　community。

*　The　omnipotence　of　the　State。



No　theory　could　be　more　reactionary　since　it　moves　modern　man　back　to

a　type　of　society　which　he；　eighteen　centuries　ago；　had　already　passed

through　and　left　behind。



　During　the　historical　era　proceeding　our　own；　and　especially　in　the

old　Greek　or　Latin　cities；　in　Rome　or　Sparta；　which　the　Jacobins　take

for　their　models；＇1＇　human　society　was　shaped　after　the　pattern　of　an

army　or　convent。　　In　a　convent　as　in　an　army；　one　idea；　absorbing　and

unique；　predominates：



*　The　aim　of　the　monk　is　to　please　God　at　any　sacrifice。

*　The　soldier　makes　every　sacrifice　to　obtain　a　victory。



Accordingly；　each　renounces　every　other　desire　and　entirely　abandons

himself；　the　monk　to　his　rules　and　the　soldier　to　his　drill。　　In　like

manner；　in　the　antique　world；　two　preoccupations　were　of　supreme

importance。　　In　the　first　place；　the　city　had　its　gods　who　were　both

its　founders　and　protectors：　it　was　therefore　obliged　to　worship　these

in　the　most　reverent　and　particular　manner；　otherwise；　they　abandoned

it。　　The　neglect　of　any　insignificant　rite　might　offend　them　and　ruin

it。　　In　the　second　place；　there　was　incessant　warfare；　and　the　spoils

of　war　were　atrocious；　on　a　city　being　taken　every　citizen　might

expect　to　be　killed　or　maimed；　or　sold　at　auction；　and　see　his

children　and　wife　sold　to　the　highest　bidder。＇2＇　In　short；　the　antique

city；　with　its　acropolis　of　temples　and　its　fortified　citadel

surrounded　by　implacable　and　threatening　enemies；　resembles　for　us　the

institution　of　the　Knights　of　St。　　John　on　their　rocks　at　Rhodes　or

Malta；　a　religious　and　military　confraternity　encamped　around　a

church。　　…　Liberty；　under　such　conditions；　is　out　of　the　question：

public　convictions　are　too　imperious；　public　danger　is　too　great。

With　this　pressure　upon　him；　and　thus　hampered；　the　individual　gives

himself　up　to　the　community；　which　takes　full　possession　of　him；

because；　to　maintain　its　own　existence；　it　needs　the　whole　man。

Henceforth；　no　one　may　develop　apart　and　for　himself；　no　one　may　act

or　think　except　within　fixed　lines。　　The　type　of　Man　is　distinctly　and

clearly　marked　out；　if　not　logically　at　least　traditionally；　each

life；　as　well　as　each　portion　of　each　life　must　conform　to　this　type；

otherwise　public　security　is　compromised：　any　falling　off　in　gymnastic

education　weakens　the　army；　passing　the　images　of　the　gods　and

neglecting　the　usual　libation　draws　down　celestial　vengeance　on　the

city。　　Consequently；　to　prevent　all　deviations；　the　State；　absolute

master；　exercises　unlimited　jurisdiction；　no　freedom　whatever　is　left

to　the　individual；　no　portion　of　himself　is　reserved　to　himself；　no

sheltered　corner　against　the　strong　hand　of　public　force；　neither　his

possessions；　his　children；　his　personality；　his　opinions　or　his

conscience。＇3＇　If；　on　voting　days；　he　shares　in　the　sovereignty；　he　is

subject　all　the　rest　of　the　year；　even　to　his　private　sentiments。

Rome；　to　serve　these　ends；　had　two　censors。　　One　of　the　archons　of

Athens　was　inquisitor　of　the　faith。　　Socrates　was　put　to　death　for　not

believing　in　the　gods　in　which　the　city　believed。＇4＇　…　In　reality；　not

only　in　Greece　and　in　Rome；　but　in　Egypt；　in　China；　in　India；　in

Persia；　in　Judea；　in　Mexico；　in　Peru；　during　the　first　stages　of

civilization；＇5＇　the　principle　of　human　communities　is　still　that　of

gregarious　animals：　the　individual　belongs　to　his　community　the　same

as　the　bee　to　its　hive　and　the　ant　to　its　ant…hill；　he　is　simply　an

organ　within　an　organism。　　Under　a　variety　of　structures　and　in

diverse　applications　authoritative　socialism　alone　prevails。



Just　the　opposite　in　modern　society；　what　was　once　the　rule　has　now

become　the　exception；　the　antique　system　survives　only　in　temporary

associations；　like　that　of　an　army；　or　in　special　associations；　as　in

a　convent。　　Gradually；　the　individual　has　liberated　himself；　and

century　after　century；　he　has　extended　his　domain　and　the　two　chains

which　once　bound　him　fast　to　the　community；　have　snapped　or　been

lightened。



In　the　first　place；　public　power　has　ceased　to　consist　of　a　militia

protecting　a　cult。　　In　the　beginning；　through　the　institution　of

Christianity；　civil　society　and　religious　society　have　become　two

distinct　empires；　Christ　himself　having　separated　the　two

jurisdictions；



　〃Render　unto　C？sar　the　things　which　are　C？sar's；　and　unto　God　the

things　that　are　God's。〃



Additionally；　through　the　rise　of　Protestantism；　the　great　Ch