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last again being conditioned by others; and so on to infinity。  



The duration of our body therefore depends on the common order of



nature; or the  constitution of things。  Now; however a thing may



be constituted; the adequate knowledge  of that thing is in God;



in so far as he has the ideas of all things; and not in so far as



he has  the idea of the human body only (II。 ix。 Cor。)。 



Wherefore the knowledge of the duration  of our body is in God



very inadequate; in so far as he is only regarded as constituting



the  nature of the human mind; that is (II。 xi。 Cor。); this



knowledge is very inadequate to our  mind。  Q。E。D。







XXXI。 We can only have a very inadequate knowledge of the



duration of particular things  external to ourselves。







》》》》》ProofEvery particular thing; like the human body; must be



conditioned by another  particular thing to exist and operate in



a fixed and definite relation; this other particular  thing must



likewise be conditioned by a third; and so on to infinity (I。



xxviii。)。  As we have  shown in the foregoing proposition; from



this common property of particular things; we  have only a very



inadequate knowledge of the duration of our body; we must draw a 



similar conclusion with regard to the duration of particular



things; namely; that we can only  have a very inadequate



knowledge of the duration thereof。  Q。E。D。







ProofAll ideas which are in God agree in every respect



with their objects (II。 ii。  Cor。); therefore (I。 Ax。 vi。) they



are all true。  Q。E。D。







XXXII。 There is nothing positive in ideas; which causes them to



be called false。







》》》》》ProofIf this be denied; conceive; if possible; a positive



mode of thinking; which  should constitute the distinctive



quality of falsehood。  Such a mode of thinking cannot be  in God



(II。 xxxii。); external to God it cannot be or be conceived (I。



xv。)。  Therefore there  is nothing positive in ideas which causes



them to be called false。  Q。E。D。







XXXIV。 Every idea; which in us is absolute or adequate and



perfect; is true。







》》》》》ProofWhen we say that an idea in us is adequate and



perfect; we say; in other  words (II。 xi。 Cor。); that the idea is



adequate and perfect in God; in so far as he constitutes  the



essence of our mind; consequently (II。 xxxii。); we say that such



an idea is true。  Q。E。D。







XXXV。 Falsity consists in the privation of knowledge; which



inadequate; fragmentary; or  confused ideas involve。







》》》》》ProofThere is nothing positive in ideas; which causes them



to be called false (II。  xxxiii。); but falsity cannot consist in



simple privation (for minds; not bodies; are said to err  and to



be mistaken); neither can it consist in absolute ignorance; for



ignorance and error  are not identical; wherefore it consists in



the privation of knowledge; which inadequate;  fragmentary; or



confused ideas involve。  Q。E。D。









*****NoteIn the note to II。 xvii。 I explained how error



consists in the privation of  knowledge; but in order to throw



more light on the subject I will give an example。  For  instance;



men are mistaken in thinking themselves free; their opinion is



made up of  consciousness of their own actions; and ignorance of



the causes by which they are  conditioned。  Their idea of



freedom; therefore; is simply their ignorance of any cause for 



their actions。  As for their saying that human actions depend on



the will; this is a mere  phrase without any idea to correspond



thereto。  What the will is; and how it moves the  body; they none



of them know; those who boast of such knowledge; and feign



dwellings  and habitations for the soul; are wont to provoke



either laughter or disgust。  So; again;  when we look at the sun;



we imagine that it is distant from us about two hundred feet; 



this error does not lie solely in this fancy; but in the fact



that; while we thus imagine; we  do not know the sun's true



distance or the cause of the fancy。  For although we afterwards 



learn; that the sun is distant from us more than six hundred of



the earth's diameters; we  none the less shall fancy it to be



near; for we do not imagine the sun as near us; because  we are



ignorant of its true distance; but because the modification of



our body involves the  essence of the sun; in so far as our said



body is affected thereby。







XXXVI。 Inadequate and confused ideas follow by the same



necessity; as adequate or  clear and distinct ideas。







》》》》》ProofAll ideas are in God (I。 xv。); and in so far as they



are referred to God are  true (II。 xxxii。) and (II。 vii。 Cor。)



adequate; therefore there are no ideas confused or  inadequate;



except in respect to a particular mind (cf。 II。 xxiv。 and



xxviii。); therefore all  ideas; whether adequate or inadequate;



follow by the same necessity (II。 vi。)。  Q。E。D。







XXXVII。 That which is common to all (cf。 Lemma II; above); and



which is equally in a  part and in the whole; does not constitute



the essence of any particular thing。







》》》》》ProofIf this be denied; conceive; if possible; that it



constitutes the essence of some  particular thing; for instance;



the essence of B。  Then (II。 Def。 ii。) it cannot without B 



either exist or be conceived; but this is against our hypothesis。 



Therefore it does not  appertain to B's essence; nor does it



constitute the essence of any particular thing。  Q。E。D。







XXXVIII。 Those things; which are common to all; and which are



equally in a part and in  the whole; cannot be conceived except



adequately。







》》》》》ProofLet A be something; which is common to all bodies;



and which is equally  present in the part of any given body and



in the whole。  I say A cannot be conceived except  adequately。 



For the idea thereof in God will necessarily be adequate (II。



vii。 Cor。); both in  so far as God has the idea of the human



body; and also in so far as he has the idea of the  modifications



of the human body; which (II。 xvi。; xxv。; xxvii。) involve in part



the nature of  the human body and the nature of external bodies;



that is (II。 xii。; xiii。); the idea in God will  necessarily be



adequate; both in so far as he constitutes the human mind; and in



so far as  he has the ideas; which are in the human mind。 



Therefore the mind (II。 xi。 Cor。)  necessarily perceives A



adequately; and has this adequate perception; both in so far as



it  perceives itself; and in so far as it perceives its own or



any external body; nor can A be  conceived in any other manner。 



Q。E。D。







ProofIf A be that; which is common to and a property of



the human body and  external bodies; and equally present in the



human body and in the said external bodies; in  each part of each



external body and in the whole; there will be an adequate idea of



A in  God (II。 vii。 Cor。); both in so far as he has the idea of



the human body; and in so far as he  has the ideas of the given



external bodies。  Let it now be granted; that the human body is 



affected by an external body through that; which it has in common



therewith; namely; A;  the idea of this modification will involve



the property A (II。 xvi。); and therefore (II。 vii。  Cor。) the



idea of this modification; in so far as it involves the property



A; will be adequate  in God; in so far as God is affected by the



idea of the human body; that is (II。 xiii。); in so  far as he



constitutes the nature of the human mind; therefore (II。 xi。



Cor。) this idea is also  adequate in the human mind。  Q。E。D。




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