the ethics(part ii)-第7节

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referred　to　God；　in　so　far　as　he　constitutes　the　essence　of　the



human　mind；　therefore　　（by　the　same　Cor。　II。　xi。）；　the　human　mind



thus　far　has　no　knowledge　of　itself。　　Further　the　　ideas　of　the



modifications；　whereby　the　body　is　affected；　involve　the　nature



of　the　human　　body　itself　（II。　xvi。）；　that　is　（II。　xiii。）；　they



agree　with　the　nature　of　the　mind；　wherefore　the　　knowledge　of



these　ideas　necessarily　involves　knowledge　of　the　mind；　but　（by



the　last　　Prop。）　the　knowledge　of　these　ideas　is　in　the　human



mind　itself；　wherefore　the　human　mind　　thus　far　only　has



knowledge　of　itself。　　Q。E。D。







XXIV。　The　human　mind　does　not　involve　an　adequate　knowledge　of



the　parts　composing　　the　human　body。







》》》》》ProofThe　parts　composing　the　human　body　do　not　belong　to



the　essence　of　that　　body；　except　in　so　far　as　they　communicate



their　motions　to　one　another　in　a　certain　fixed　　relation　（Def。



after　Lemma　iii。）；　not　in　so　far　as　they　can　be　regarded　as



individuals　without　　relation　to　the　human　body。　　The　parts　of



the　human　body　are　highly　complex　individuals　　（Post。　i。）；　whose



parts　（Lemma　iv。）　can　be　separated　from　the　human　body　without　in



any　　way　destroying　the　nature　and　distinctive　quality　of　the



latter；　and　they　can　communicate　　their　motions　（Ax。　i。；　after



Lemma　iii。）　to　other　bodies　in　another　relation；　therefore　（II。



iii。）　　the　idea　or　knowledge　of　each　part　will　be　in　God；



inasmuch　（II。　ix。）　as　he　is　regarded　as　　affected　by　another　idea



of　a　particular　thing；　which　particular　thing　is　prior　in　the



order　of　　nature　to　the　aforesaid　part　（II。　vii。）。　　We　may　affirm



the　same　thing　of　each　part　of　each　　individual　composing　the



human　body；　therefore；　the　knowledge　of　each　part　composing　　the



human　body　is　in　God；　in　so　far　as　he　is　affected　by　very　many



ideas　of　things；　and　not　　in　so　far　as　he　has　the　idea　of　the



human　body　only；　in　other　words；　the　idea　which　　constitutes　the



nature　of　the　human　mind　（II。　xiii。）；　therefore　（II。　xi。　Cor。）；



the　human　mind　　does　not　involve　an　adequate　knowledge　of　the



human　body。　　Q。E。D。







XXV。　The　idea　of　each　modification　of　the　human　body　does　not



involve　an　adequate　　knowledge　of　the　external　body。







》》》》》ProofWe　have　shown　that　the　idea　of　a　modification　of　the



human　body　involves　　the　nature　of　an　external　body；　in　so　far　as



that　external　body　conditions　the　human　body　in　　a　given　manner。　



But；　in　so　far　as　the　external　body　is　an　individual；　which　has



no　reference　　to　the　human　body；　the　knowledge　or　idea　thereof　is



in　God　（II。　ix。）；　in　so　far　as　God　is　　regarded　as　affected　by



the　idea　of　a　further　thing；　which　（II。　vii。）　is　naturally　prior



to　the　　said　external　body。　　Wherefore　an　adequate　knowledge　of



the　external　body　is　not　in　God；　　in　so　far　as　he　has　the　idea　of



the　modification　of　the　human　body；　in　other　words；　the　idea　　of



the　modification　of　the　human　body　does　not　involve　an　adequate



knowledge　of　the　　external　body。　　Q。E。D。







XXVI。　The　human　mind　does　not　perceive　any　external　body　as



actually　existing；　except　　through　the　ideas　of　the　modifications



of　its　own　body。







》》》》》ProofIf　the　human　body　is　in　no　way　affected　by　a　given



external　body；　then　　（II。　vii。）　neither　is　the　idea　of　the　human



body；　in　other　words；　the　human　mind；　affected　in　　any　way　by　the



idea　of　the　existence　of　the　said　external　body；　nor　does　it　in



any　manner　　perceive　its　existence。　　But；　in　so　far　as　the　human



body　is　affected　in　any　way　by　a　given　　external　body；　thus　far



（II。　xvi。　and　Cor。）　it　perceives　that　external　body。　　Q。E。D。







ProofWhen　the　human　mind　regards　external　bodies　through



the　ideas　of　the　　modifications　of　its　own　body；　we　say　that　it



imagines　（see　II。　xvii。　note）；　now　the　mind　　can　only　imagine



external　bodies　as　actually　existing。　　Therefore　（by　II。　xxv。）；



in　so　far　as　　the　mind　imagines　external　bodies；　it　has　not　an



adequate　knowledge　of　them。　　Q。E。D。







XXVII。　The　idea　of　each　modification　of　the　human　body　does　not



involve　an　adequate　　knowledge　of　the　human　body　itself。







》》》》》ProofEvery　idea　of　a　modification　of　the　human　body



involves　the　nature　of　the　　human　body；　in　so　far　as　the　human



body　is　regarded　as　affected　in　a　given　manner　（II。　　xvi。）。　　But



inasmuch　as　the　human　body　is　an　individual　which　may　be　affected



in　many　　other　ways；　the　idea　of　the　said　modification；　&c。　



Q。E。D。







XXVIII。　The　ideas　of　the　modifications　of　the　human　body；　in　so



far　as　they　have　　reference　only　to　the　human　mind；　are　not　clear



and　distinct；　but　confused。







》》》》》ProofThe　ideas　of　the　modifications　of　the　human　body



involve　the　nature　both　of　　the　human　body　and　of　external　bodies



（II。　xvi。）；　they　must　involve　the　nature　not　only　of　　the　human



body　but　also　of　its　parts；　for　the　modifications　are　modes



（Post。　iii。）；　whereby　　the　parts　of　the　human　body；　and；



consequently；　the　human　body　as　a　whole　are　affected。　　　But　（by



II。　xxiv。；　xxv。）　the　adequate　knowledge　of　external　bodies；　as



also　of　the　parts　　composing　the　human　body；　is　not　in　God；　in



so　far　as　he　is　regarded　as　affected　by　the　　human　mind；　but　in



so　far　as　he　is　regarded　as　affected　by　other　ideas。　　These　ideas



of　　modifications；　in　so　far　as　they　are　referred　to　the　human



mind　alone；　are　as　consequences　　without　premisses；　in　other



words；　confused　ideas。　　Q。E。D。







*****NoteThe　idea　which　constitutes　the　nature　of　the　human



mind　is；　in　the　same　　manner；　proved　not　to　be；　when　considered



in　itself　and　alone；　clear　and　distinct；　as　also　　is　the　case



with　the　idea　of　the　human　mind；　and　the　ideas　of　the　ideas　of



the　modifications　　of　the　human　body；　in　so　far　as　they　are



referred　to　the　mind　only；　as　everyone　may　easily　　see。







XXIX。　　The　idea　of　the　idea　of　each　modification　of　the　human



body　does　not　involve　an　　adequate　knowledge　of　the　human　mind。







》》》》》ProofThe　idea　of　a　modification　of　the　human　body　（II。



xxvii。）　does　not　involve　　an　adequate　knowledge　of　the　said　body；



in　other　words；　does　not　adequately　express　its　　nature；　that　is



（II。　xiii。）　it　does　not　agree　with　the　nature　of　the　mind



adequately；　therefore　　（I。　Ax。　vi。）　the　idea　of　this　idea　does



not　adequately　express　the　nature　of　the　human　mind；　　or　does　not



involve　an　adequate　knowledge　thereof。







ProofThe　duration　of　our　body　does　not　depend　on　its



essence　（II。　Ax。　i。）；　nor　　on　the　absolute　nature　of　God　（I。



xxi。）。　　But　（I。　xxviii。）　it　is　conditioned　to　exist　and　operate　



by　causes；　which　in　their　turn　are　conditioned　to　exist　and



operate　in　a　fixed　and　definite　　relation　by　other　causes；　these



last　again　being　conditioned　by　others；　and　so　on　to　infinity。　　



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