the ethics(part ii)-第2节
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of God; and consequently (by Part i。; Ax。 iv。) is not the effect
of any attribute save thought。 Therefore the actual being of
ideas owns God as its cause; in so far as he is considered as a
thinking thing; &c。 Q。E。D。
VI。 The modes of any given attribute are caused by God; in so
far as he is considered through the attribute of which they are
modes; and not in so far as he is considered through any other
attribute。
》》》》》ProofEach attribute is conceived through itself; without
any other part (Part i。; Prop。 x。); wherefore the modes of each
attribute involve the conception of that attribute; but not of
any other。 Thus (Part i。; Ax。 iv。) they are caused by God; only
in so far as he is considered through the attribute whose modes
they are; and not in so far as he is considered through any
other。 Q。E。D。
ProofThis proposition is evident from Part i。; Ax。 iv。
For the idea of everything that is caused depends on a
knowledge of the cause; whereof it is an effect。
ProofThis proposition is evident from the last; it is
understood more clearly from the preceding note。
ProofThe idea of an individual thing actually existing is
an individual mode of thinking; and is distinct from other modes
(by the Cor。 and Note to Prop。 viii。 of this part); thus (by
Prop。 vi。 of this part) it is caused by God; in so far only as he
is a thinking thing。 But not (by Prop。 xxviii。 of Part i。) in
so far as he is a thing thinking absolutely; only in so far as
he is considered as affected by another mode of thinking; and he
is the cause of this latter; as being affected by a third; and
so on to infinity。 Now; the order and connection of ideas is
(by Prop。 vii。 of this book) the same as the order and connection
of causes。 Therefore of a given individual idea another
individual idea; or God; in so far as he is considered as
modified by that idea; is the cause; and of this second idea God
is the cause; in so far as he is affected by another idea; and
so on to infinity。 Q。E。D。
ProofWhatsoever takes place in the object of any idea; its
idea is in God (by Prop。 iii。 of this part); not in so far as he
is infinite; but in so far as he is considered as affected by
another idea of an individual thing (by the last Prop。); but (by
Prop。 vii。 of this part) the order and connection of ideas is
the same as the order and connection of things。 The knowledge;
therefore; of that which takes place in any individual object
will be in God; in so far only as he has the idea of that
object。 Q。E。D。
X。 The being of substance does not appertain to the essence of
manin other words; substance does not constitute the actual
being (forma) of man。
》》》》》ProofThe being of substance involves necessary existence
(Part i。; Prop。 vii。)。 If; therefore; the being of substance
appertains to the essence of man; substance being granted; man
would necessarily be granted also (II。 Def。 ii。); and;
consequently; man would necessarily exist; which is absurd (II。
Ax。 i。)。 Therefore &c。 Q。E。D。
*****NoteThis proposition may also be proved from I。v。; in
which it is shown that there cannot be two substances of the
same nature;