Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·) >

µÚ7½Ú

proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ7½Ú

С˵£º proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




power¡££§5£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§5£§¡¡Vol¡£¡¡i£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡237£»¡¡238¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡last¡¡week¡¡of¡¡June£»¡¡1863£»¡¡all¡¡the¡¡London¡¡daily¡¡papers¡¡published¡¡

a¡¡¡¡¡¡paragraph¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®sensational''¡¡¡¡¡¡heading£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®Death¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡simple¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡­¡¡

work¡£''¡¡It¡¡dealt¡¡with¡¡the¡¡death¡¡of¡¡the¡¡milliner£»¡¡Mary¡¡Anne¡¡Walkley£»¡¡20¡¡years¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡age£»¡¡¡¡¡¡employed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡highly¡¡¡¡¡¡respectable¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡dressmaking¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡establishment£»¡¡

exploited¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡lady¡¡¡¡with¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡pleasant¡¡name¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Elise¡£¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡old£»¡¡¡¡¡¡often¡­told¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡20¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡21¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



story¡¡was¡¡once¡¡more¡¡recounted¡£¡¡This¡¡girl¡¡worked£»¡¡on¡¡an¡¡average£»¡¡16¡¡1/2¡¡

hours£»¡¡during¡¡the¡¡season¡¡often¡¡30¡¡hours£»¡¡without¡¡a¡¡break£»¡¡whilst¡¡her¡¡failing¡¡

labor¡­power¡¡was¡¡revived¡¡by¡¡occasional¡¡supplies¡¡of¡¡sherry£»¡¡port£»¡¡or¡¡coffee¡£¡¡

It¡¡was¡¡just¡¡now¡¡the¡¡height¡¡of¡¡the¡¡season¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡conjure¡¡up¡¡in¡¡

the¡¡twinkling¡¡of¡¡an¡¡eye¡¡the¡¡gorgeous¡¡dresses¡¡for¡¡the¡¡noble¡¡ladies¡¡bidden¡¡to¡¡

the¡¡ball¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡honor¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡newly¡­¡¡¡¡¡¡imported¡¡¡¡¡¡Princess¡¡of¡¡Wales¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Mary¡¡Anne¡¡

Walkley¡¡had¡¡worked¡¡without¡¡intermission¡¡for¡¡26¡¡1/2¡¡hours£»¡¡with¡¡60¡¡other¡¡

girls£»¡¡¡¡¡¡30¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡room£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡afforded¡¡¡¡¡¡1/3¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡cubic¡¡¡¡¡¡feet¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡air¡¡

required¡¡for¡¡them¡£¡¡At¡¡night£»¡¡they¡¡slept¡¡in¡¡pairs¡¡in¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡stifling¡¡holes¡¡

into¡¡which¡¡the¡¡bedroom¡¡was¡¡divided¡¡by¡¡partitions¡¡of¡¡board¡£¡¡And¡¡this¡¡was¡¡

one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡best¡¡millinery¡¡establishments¡¡in¡¡London¡£¡¡Mary¡¡Anne¡¡Walkley¡¡

fell¡¡¡¡¡¡ill¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Friday£»¡¡¡¡¡¡died¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡Sunday£»¡¡¡¡¡¡without£»¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡astonishment¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

Madame¡¡Elise£»¡¡having¡¡previously¡¡completed¡¡the¡¡work¡¡in¡¡hand¡£¡¡The¡¡doctor£»¡¡

Mr¡£¡¡¡¡Keys£»¡¡¡¡called¡¡¡¡¡¡too¡¡¡¡¡¡late¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡death¡¡¡¡¡¡bed£»¡¡¡¡¡¡duly¡¡¡¡bore¡¡¡¡¡¡witness¡¡before¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

coroner's¡¡jury¡¡that¡¡¡®¡®Mary¡¡Anne¡¡Walkley¡¡had¡¡died¡¡from¡¡long¡¡hours¡¡of¡¡work¡¡

in¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡­¡¡¡¡¡¡crowded¡¡¡¡¡¡workroom£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡too¡¡¡¡¡¡small¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡badly¡¡¡¡¡¡ventilated¡¡

bedroom¡£''¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡order¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡give¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡doctor¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡lesson¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡good¡¡¡¡¡¡manners£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

coroner's¡¡jury¡¡thereupon¡¡brought¡¡in¡¡a¡¡verdict¡¡that¡¡¡®¡®the¡¡deceased¡¡had¡¡died¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡apoplexy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡reason¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡fear¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡death¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡

accelerated¡¡by¡¡over¡­work¡¡in¡¡an¡¡over¡­crowded¡¡workroom£»¡¡&c¡£''¡¡¡®¡®Our¡¡white¡¡

slaves£»''¡¡¡¡¡¡cried¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®Morning¡¡¡¡¡¡Star£»''¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡organ¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡­traders£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Cobden¡¡

and¡¡Bright£»¡¡¡®¡®our¡¡white¡¡slaves£»¡¡who¡¡are¡¡toiled¡¡into¡¡the¡¡grave£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡

part¡¡silently¡¡pine¡¡and¡¡die¡£''£§6£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§6£§¡¡Vol¡£¡¡i£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡239£»¡¡240¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Edward¡¡VI£º¡¡A¡¡statue¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡year¡¡of¡¡his¡¡reign£»¡¡1547£»¡¡ordains¡¡that¡¡if¡¡

anyone¡¡refuses¡¡to¡¡work£»¡¡he¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡condemned¡¡as¡¡a¡¡slave¡¡to¡¡the¡¡person¡¡

who¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡denounced¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡idler¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡master¡¡¡¡¡¡shall¡¡¡¡¡¡feed¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡slave¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡

bread¡¡and¡¡water£»¡¡weak¡¡broth¡¡and¡¡such¡¡refuse¡¡meat¡¡as¡¡he¡¡thinks¡¡fit¡£¡¡He¡¡has¡¡

the¡¡right¡¡to¡¡force¡¡him¡¡to¡¡do¡¡any¡¡work£»¡¡no¡¡matter¡¡how¡¡disgusting£»¡¡with¡¡whip¡¡

and¡¡chains¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡slave¡¡is¡¡absent¡¡a¡¡fortnight£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡condemned¡¡to¡¡slavery¡¡

for¡¡life¡¡and¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡branded¡¡on¡¡forehead¡¡or¡¡back¡¡with¡¡the¡¡letter¡¡S£»¡¡if¡¡he¡¡

runs¡¡away¡¡thrice£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡executed¡¡as¡¡a¡¡felon¡£¡¡The¡¡master¡¡can¡¡sell¡¡him£»¡¡

bequeath¡¡¡¡¡¡him£»¡¡¡¡¡¡let¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡hire¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡slave£»¡¡¡¡¡¡just¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡personal¡¡

chattel¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡cattle¡£¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡slaves¡¡¡¡¡¡attempt¡¡¡¡¡¡anything¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡masters£»¡¡¡¡they¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡21¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡22¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



are¡¡also¡¡to¡¡be¡¡executed¡£¡¡Justices¡¡of¡¡the¡¡peace£»¡¡on¡¡information£»¡¡are¡¡to¡¡hunt¡¡

the¡¡rascals¡¡down¡£¡¡If¡¡it¡¡happens¡¡that¡¡a¡¡vagabond¡¡has¡¡been¡¡idling¡¡about¡¡for¡¡

three¡¡days£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡taken¡¡to¡¡his¡¡birthplace£»¡¡branded¡¡with¡¡a¡¡redhot¡¡iron¡¡

with¡¡the¡¡letter¡¡V¡¡on¡¡the¡¡breast¡¡and¡¡be¡¡set¡¡to¡¡work£»¡¡in¡¡chains£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡streets¡¡

or¡¡at¡¡some¡¡other¡¡labor¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡vagabond¡¡gives¡¡a¡¡false¡¡birthplace£»¡¡he¡¡is¡¡then¡¡

to¡¡¡¡¡¡become¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡slave¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡life¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡place£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡inhabitants£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡

corporation£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡be¡¡branded¡¡with¡¡an¡¡S¡£¡¡All¡¡persons¡¡have¡¡the¡¡right¡¡to¡¡take¡¡

away¡¡the¡¡children¡¡of¡¡the¡¡vagabonds¡¡and¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡them¡¡as¡¡apprentices£»¡¡the¡¡

young¡¡men¡¡until¡¡the¡¡24th¡¡year£»¡¡the¡¡girls¡¡until¡¡the¡¡20th¡£¡¡If¡¡they¡¡run¡¡away£»¡¡

they¡¡are¡¡to¡¡become¡¡up¡¡to¡¡this¡¡age¡¡the¡¡slaves¡¡of¡¡their¡¡masters£»¡¡who¡¡can¡¡put¡¡

them¡¡in¡¡irons£»¡¡whip¡¡them£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡if¡¡they¡¡like¡£¡¡Every¡¡master¡¡may¡¡put¡¡an¡¡iron¡¡

ring¡¡¡¡¡¡around¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡neck£»¡¡¡¡¡¡arms¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡legs¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡slave£»¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡

more¡¡¡¡¡¡easily¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡last¡¡¡¡¡¡part¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡statute¡¡

provides¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡¡¡¡¡poor¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡employed¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡place¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡

persons£»¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡willing¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡give¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡food¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡drink¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡find¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡

work¡£¡¡This¡¡kind¡¡of¡¡parish¡­slaves¡¡was¡¡kept¡¡up¡¡in¡¡England¡¡until¡¡far¡¡into¡¡the¡¡

19th¡¡century¡¡under¡¡the¡¡name¡¡of¡¡¡®¡®roundsmen¡£''£§7£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§7£§¡¡Vol¡£¡¡i£»¡¡pp¡£¡¡758£»¡¡759¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Page¡¡after¡¡page¡¡and¡¡chapter¡¡after¡¡chapter¡¡of¡¡facts¡¡of¡¡this¡¡nature£»¡¡each¡¡

brought¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡illustrate¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡fatalistic¡¡¡¡¡¡theory¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡Marx¡¡¡¡¡¡professes¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

have¡¡proved¡¡by¡¡exact¡¡reasoning£»¡¡cannot¡¡but¡¡stir¡¡into¡¡fury¡¡any¡¡passionate¡¡

working¡­class¡¡reader£»¡¡and¡¡into¡¡unbearable¡¡shame¡¡any¡¡possessor¡¡of¡¡capital¡¡

in¡¡whom¡¡generosity¡¡and¡¡justice¡¡are¡¡not¡¡wholly¡¡extinct¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Almost¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡end¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡volume£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡brief¡¡¡¡¡¡chapter£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡called¡¡

¡®¡®Historical¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Tendency¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Capitalist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Accumulation£»''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Marx¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡allows¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡

moment's¡¡glimpse¡¡of¡¡the¡¡hope¡¡that¡¡lies¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡present¡¡horror£º¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡soon¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡process¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡transformation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sufficiently¡¡

decomposed¡¡the¡¡old¡¡society¡¡from¡¡top¡¡to¡¡bottom£»¡¡as¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡laborers¡¡are¡¡

turned¡¡into¡¡proletarians£»¡¡their¡¡means¡¡of¡¡labor¡¡into¡¡capital£»¡¡as¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡

capitalist¡¡¡¡¡¡mode¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡production¡¡¡¡¡¡stands¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡feet£»¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡further¡¡

socialization¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡labor¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡further¡¡¡¡¡¡transformation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡land¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡

means¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡production¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡­¡¡¡¡¡¡cially¡¡¡¡¡¡exploited¡¡¡¡¡¡and£»¡¡¡¡¡¡therefore£»¡¡¡¡¡¡common¡¡

means¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡production£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡further¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡expropriation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡private¡¡

proprietors£»¡¡takes¡¡a¡¡new¡¡form¡£¡¡That¡¡which¡¡is¡¡now¡¡to¡¡be¡¡expropriated¡¡is¡¡no¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡22¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡23¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



longer¡¡the¡¡laborer¡¡working¡¡for¡¡himself£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡capitalist¡¡exploiting¡¡many¡¡

laborers¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡expropriation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡accomplished¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡action¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

immanent¡¡¡¡¡¡laws¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalistic¡¡¡¡¡¡production¡¡¡¡¡¡itself£»¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡centralization¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

capital¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡One¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalist¡¡¡¡¡¡always¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡kills¡¡¡¡¡¡many£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡hand¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡

centralization£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡expropriation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalists¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡few£»¡¡¡¡¡¡develop£»¡¡

on¡¡an¡¡ever¡¡extending¡¡scale£»¡¡the¡¡co¡­operative¡¡form¡¡of¡¡the¡¡labor¡­process£»¡¡the¡¡

conscious¡¡¡¡¡¡technical¡¡¡¡¡¡application¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡science£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡methodical¡¡¡¡¡¡cultivation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡soil£»¡¡the¡¡transformation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡instruments¡¡of¡¡labor¡¡into¡¡instruments¡¡of¡¡

labor¡¡only¡¡usable¡¡in¡¡common£»¡¡the¡¡economizing¡¡of¡¡all¡¡means¡¡of¡¡production¡¡

by¡¡their¡¡use¡¡as¡¡the¡¡means¡¡of¡¡production¡¡of¡¡combined£»¡¡socialized¡¡labor£»¡¡the¡¡

entanglement¡¡of¡¡all¡¡peoples¡¡in¡¡the¡¡net¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡­market£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡this£»¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡international¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡character¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalistic¡¡¡¡¡¡regime¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Along¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

constantly¡¡diminishing¡¡number¡¡of¡¡the¡¡magnates¡¡of¡¡capital£»¡¡who¡¡usurp¡¡and¡¡

monopolize¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡advantages¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡process¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡transformation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡grows¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

mass¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡misery£»¡¡¡¡¡¡oppression£»¡¡¡¡¡¡slavery£»¡¡¡¡¡¡degradation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡exploitation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡

this£»¡¡too£»¡¡grows¡¡the¡¡revolt¡¡of¡¡the¡¡working¡­¡¡class£»¡¡a¡¡class¡¡always¡¡increasing¡¡

in¡¡numbers£»¡¡and¡¡disciplined£»¡¡united£»¡¡organized¡¡by¡¡the¡¡very¡¡mechanism¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡process¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡capitalist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡production¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡itself¡£¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡monopoly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡capital¡¡

becomes¡¡a¡¡fetter¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡mode¡¡of¡¡production£»¡¡which¡¡has¡¡sprung¡¡up¡¡and¡¡

flourished¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡along¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡Centralization¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

production¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡socialization¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡labor¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡last¡¡¡¡¡¡reach¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡point¡¡¡¡¡¡where¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡

become¡¡incompatible¡¡with¡¡their¡¡capitalist¡¡integument¡£¡¡This¡¡integument¡¡is¡¡

burst¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡asunder¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡knell¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalist¡¡¡¡¡¡private¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡property¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sounds¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡

expropriators¡¡are¡¡expropriated£»£§8£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§8£§¡¡Vol¡£¡¡i¡¡pp¡£¡¡788£»¡¡789¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡That¡¡is¡¡all¡£¡¡Hardly¡¡another¡¡word¡¡from¡¡beginning¡¡to¡¡end¡¡is¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡

relieve¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡gloom£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡relentless¡¡¡¡¡¡pressure¡¡¡¡¡¡upon¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡mind¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

reader¡¡lies¡¡a¡¡great¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡power¡¡which¡¡this¡¡book¡¡has¡¡acquired¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Two¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡questions¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡raised¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Marx's¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡work£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡First£»¡¡¡¡¡¡Are¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡laws¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

historical¡¡development¡¡true£¿¡¡Second£»¡¡Is¡¡Socialism¡¡desirable£¿¡¡The¡¡second¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡questions¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡quite¡¡¡¡¡¡independent¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Marx¡¡¡¡¡¡professes¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

prove¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡come£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡scarcely¡¡¡¡concerns¡¡¡¡¡¡himself¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡argue¡¡

that¡¡when¡¡it¡¡come

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ