Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·) >

µÚ23½Ú

proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ23½Ú

С˵£º proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



conducted¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡ancient¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡traditional¡¡¡¡¡¡methods£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡possibility¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

intelligent¡¡participation¡¡by¡¡the¡¡wage¡­¡¡earner£»¡¡it¡¡were¡¡alive¡¡with¡¡the¡¡search¡¡

for¡¡new¡¡methods¡¡and¡¡new¡¡inventions£»¡¡filled¡¡with¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡freedom£»¡¡and¡¡

inviting¡¡the¡¡mental¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡physical¡¡cooperation¡¡of¡¡those¡¡who¡¡do¡¡the¡¡

work£»¡¡it¡¡might¡¡become¡¡a¡¡joy¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡a¡¡weariness£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡source¡¡of¡¡health¡¡

and¡¡life¡¡to¡¡those¡¡engaged¡¡in¡¡it¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡is¡¡true¡¡of¡¡agriculture¡¡is¡¡said¡¡by¡¡Anarchists¡¡to¡¡be¡¡equally¡¡true¡¡of¡¡

industry¡£¡¡They¡¡maintain¡¡that¡¡if¡¡the¡¡great¡¡economic¡¡organizations¡¡which¡¡are¡¡

now¡¡¡¡¡¡managed¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡capitalists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡consideration¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡lives¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

wage¡­earners¡¡¡¡¡¡beyond¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡Trade¡¡¡¡¡¡Unions¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡able¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡exact£»¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡turned¡¡

gradually¡¡into¡¡self¡­governing¡¡communities£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡the¡¡producers¡¡could¡¡

decide¡¡all¡¡questions¡¡of¡¡methods£»¡¡conditions£»¡¡hours¡¡of¡¡work£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡forth£»¡¡

there¡¡would¡¡be¡¡an¡¡almost¡¡boundless¡¡change¡¡for¡¡the¡¡better£º¡¡grime¡¡and¡¡noise¡¡

might¡¡be¡¡nearly¡¡eliminated£»¡¡the¡¡hideousness¡¡of¡¡industrial¡¡regions¡¡might¡¡be¡¡

turned¡¡into¡¡beauty£»¡¡the¡¡interest¡¡in¡¡the¡¡scientific¡¡aspects¡¡of¡¡production¡¡might¡¡

become¡¡¡¡¡¡diffused¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡producers¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡native¡¡¡¡¡¡intelligence£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

something¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡artist's¡¡¡¡¡¡joy¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡creation¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡inspire¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

work¡£¡¡All¡¡this£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡at¡¡present¡¡utterly¡¡remote¡¡from¡¡the¡¡reality£»¡¡might¡¡be¡¡

produced¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡economic¡¡¡¡¡¡self¡­government¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡concede¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡

means¡¡a¡¡very¡¡large¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡necessary¡¡work¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡could¡¡

ultimately¡¡be¡¡made¡¡sufficiently¡¡agreeable¡¡to¡¡be¡¡preferred¡¡before¡¡idleness¡¡

even¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whose¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡bare¡¡¡¡¡¡livelihood¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡assured¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡whether¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡

worked¡¡or¡¡not¡£¡¡As¡¡to¡¡the¡¡residue¡¡let¡¡us¡¡admit¡¡that¡¡special¡¡rewards£»¡¡whether¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡71¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡72¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



in¡¡¡¡¡¡goods¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡honors¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡privileges£»¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡given¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡

undertook¡¡it¡£¡¡But¡¡this¡¡need¡¡not¡¡cause¡¡any¡¡fundamental¡¡objection¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡would£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡be¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡proportion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡population¡¡who¡¡

would¡¡prefer¡¡idleness¡£¡¡Provided¡¡the¡¡proportion¡¡were¡¡small£»¡¡this¡¡need¡¡not¡¡

matter¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡classed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡idlers¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

included¡¡¡¡¡¡artists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡writers¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡books£»¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡devoted¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡abstract¡¡¡¡¡¡intellectual¡¡

pursuitsin¡¡short£»¡¡all¡¡those¡¡whom¡¡society¡¡despises¡¡while¡¡they¡¡are¡¡alive¡¡and¡¡

honors¡¡when¡¡they¡¡are¡¡dead¡£¡¡To¡¡such¡¡men£»¡¡the¡¡possibility¡¡of¡¡pursuing¡¡their¡¡

own¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡regardless¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡public¡¡¡¡¡¡recognition¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡utility¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

invaluable¡£¡¡Whoever¡¡will¡¡observe¡¡how¡¡many¡¡of¡¡our¡¡poets¡¡have¡¡been¡¡men¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡private¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡realize¡¡¡¡¡¡how¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡poetic¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡capacity¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡

remained¡¡undeveloped¡¡through¡¡poverty£»¡¡for¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡absurd¡¡to¡¡suppose¡¡

that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡rich¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡better¡¡¡¡¡¡endowed¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡capacity¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡poetry¡£¡¡

Freedom¡¡for¡¡such¡¡men£»¡¡few¡¡as¡¡they¡¡are£»¡¡must¡¡be¡¡set¡¡against¡¡the¡¡waste¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡mere¡¡idlers¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡So¡¡far£»¡¡we¡¡have¡¡set¡¡forth¡¡the¡¡arguments¡¡in¡¡favor¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Anarchist¡¡plan¡£¡¡

They¡¡¡¡are£»¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡my¡¡¡¡¡¡mind£»¡¡¡¡¡¡sufficient¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡seem¡¡¡¡¡¡possible¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡plan¡¡

might¡¡succeed£»¡¡but¡¡not¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡make¡¡it¡¡so¡¡probable¡¡that¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡

wise¡¡to¡¡try¡¡it¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡question¡¡of¡¡the¡¡feasibility¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Anarchist¡¡proposals¡¡in¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡

distribution¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is£»¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡questions£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡quantitative¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡

Anarchist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡proposals¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡consist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡parts£º¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨1£©¡¡¡¡¡¡That¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡common¡¡

commodities¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡supplied¡¡¡¡¡¡ad¡¡¡¡¡¡lib¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡applicants£»¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨2£©¡¡¡¡¡¡That¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡

obligation¡¡to¡¡work£»¡¡or¡¡economic¡¡reward¡¡for¡¡work£»¡¡should¡¡be¡¡imposed¡¡on¡¡

anyone¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡These¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡proposals¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡necessarily¡¡¡¡¡¡inseparable£»¡¡¡¡¡¡nor¡¡¡¡¡¡does¡¡

either¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡entail¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡whole¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡system¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Anarchism£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡though¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡

Anarchism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡hardly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡possible¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡As¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡regards¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡

proposals£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡carried¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡now¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡

commodities£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡carried¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡distant¡¡¡¡¡¡future¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡

regard¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡flexible¡¡¡¡¡¡plan£»¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡article¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

consumption¡¡could¡¡be¡¡placed¡¡on¡¡the¡¡free¡¡list¡¡or¡¡taken¡¡of¡¡as¡¡circumstances¡¡

might¡¡dictate¡£¡¡Its¡¡advantages¡¡are¡¡many¡¡and¡¡various£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡practice¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

world¡¡tends¡¡to¡¡develop¡¡in¡¡this¡¡direction¡£¡¡I¡¡think¡¡we¡¡may¡¡conclude¡¡that¡¡this¡¡

part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Anarchists'¡¡system¡¡might¡¡well¡¡be¡¡adopted¡¡bit¡¡by¡¡bit£»¡¡reaching¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡72¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡73¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



gradually¡¡the¡¡full¡¡extension¡¡that¡¡they¡¡desire¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡as¡¡regards¡¡the¡¡second¡¡proposal£»¡¡that¡¡there¡¡should¡¡be¡¡no¡¡obligation¡¡

to¡¡¡¡¡¡work£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡economic¡¡¡¡¡¡reward¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡work£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡matter¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡

doubtful¡£¡¡¡¡Anarchists¡¡¡¡¡¡always¡¡¡¡¡¡assume¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡schemes¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡put¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡

operation¡¡¡¡¡¡practically¡¡¡¡¡¡everyone¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡work£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡although¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡

much¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡said¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡view¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡concede¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡

first¡¡sight£»¡¡yet¡¡it¡¡is¡¡questionable¡¡whether¡¡there¡¡is¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡be¡¡said¡¡to¡¡make¡¡

it¡¡true¡¡for¡¡practical¡¡purposes¡£¡¡Perhaps£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡community¡¡where¡¡industry¡¡had¡¡

become¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡habitual¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡economic¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡pressure£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡public¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡opinion¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

sufficiently¡¡¡¡¡¡powerful¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡compel¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡work£»£§44£§¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡always¡¡

doubtful¡¡¡¡¡¡how¡¡¡¡¡¡far¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡state¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡things¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡permanent¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡¡¡¡¡public¡¡

opinion¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡really¡¡effective£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡necessary¡¡to¡¡have¡¡some¡¡method¡¡

of¡¡dividing¡¡the¡¡community¡¡into¡¡small¡¡groups£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡allow¡¡each¡¡group¡¡to¡¡

consume¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡equivalent¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡produces¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

economic¡¡motive¡¡operative¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡group£»¡¡which£»¡¡since¡¡we¡¡are¡¡supposing¡¡

it¡¡¡¡¡¡small£»¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡feel¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡collective¡¡¡¡¡¡share¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡appreciably¡¡¡¡¡¡diminished¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡

each¡¡¡¡¡¡idle¡¡¡¡¡¡individual¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Such¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡system¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡feasible£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

contrary¡¡to¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡Anarchism¡¡and¡¡would¡¡destroy¡¡the¡¡main¡¡lines¡¡

of¡¡its¡¡economic¡¡system¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§44£§¡¡¡®¡®As¡¡to¡¡the¡¡so¡­often¡¡repeated¡¡objection¡¡that¡¡nobody¡¡would¡¡labor¡¡

if¡¡he¡¡were¡¡not¡¡compelled¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so¡¡by¡¡sheer¡¡necessity£»¡¡we¡¡heard¡¡enough¡¡of¡¡

it¡¡¡¡¡¡before¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡emancipation¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡slaves¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡America£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡before¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

emancipation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡serfs¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Russia£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡opportunity¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

appreciating¡¡it¡¡at¡¡its¡¡just¡¡value¡£¡¡So¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡not¡¡try¡¡to¡¡convince¡¡those¡¡who¡¡

can¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡convinced¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡accomplished¡¡¡¡¡¡facts¡£¡¡As¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡reason£»¡¡

they¡¡ought¡¡to¡¡know¡¡that£»¡¡if¡¡it¡¡really¡¡was¡¡so¡¡with¡¡some¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡humanity¡¡at¡¡

its¡¡lowest¡¡stagesand¡¡yet£»¡¡what¡¡do¡¡we¡¡know¡¡about¡¡it£¿or¡¡if¡¡it¡¡is¡¡so¡¡with¡¡

some¡¡small¡¡communities£»¡¡or¡¡separate¡¡individuals£»¡¡brought¡¡to¡¡sheer¡¡despair¡¡

by¡¡ill¡­success¡¡in¡¡their¡¡struggle¡¡against¡¡unfavorable¡¡conditions£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡not¡¡so¡¡

with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡bulk¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡civilized¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡nations¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡With¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡us£»¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡habit£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

idleness¡¡an¡¡artificial¡¡growth¡£''¡¡Kropotkin£»¡¡¡®¡®Anarchist¡¡Communism£»''¡¡p¡£¡¡30¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡attitude¡¡of¡¡orthodox¡¡Socialism¡¡on¡¡this¡¡question¡¡is¡¡quite¡¡different¡¡

from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Anarchism¡££§45£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Among¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡immediate¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡measures¡¡

advocated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡¡®¡®Communist¡¡Manifesto''¡¡is¡¡¡®¡®equal¡¡liability¡¡of¡¡all¡¡to¡¡labor¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡73¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡74¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



Establishment¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡industrial¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡armies£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡especially¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡agriculture¡£''¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡

Socialist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡theory¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡that£»¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡general£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡alone¡¡¡¡¡¡gives¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡right¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡

enjoyment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡produce¡¡of¡¡work¡£¡¡To¡¡this¡¡theory¡¡there¡¡will£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡be¡¡

exceptions£º¡¡the¡¡old¡¡and¡¡the¡¡very¡¡young£»¡¡the¡¡infirm¡¡and¡¡those¡¡whose¡¡work¡¡

is¡¡¡¡¡¡temporarily¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡required¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡fault¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡own¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

fundamental¡¡conception¡¡of¡¡Socialism£»¡¡in¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡our¡¡present¡¡question£»¡¡is¡¡

that¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡compelled¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡work£»¡¡¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡threat¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

starvation¡¡or¡¡by¡¡the¡¡operation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡criminal¡¡law¡£¡¡And£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡the¡¡only¡¡

kind¡¡of¡¡work¡¡recognized¡¡will¡¡be¡¡such¡¡as¡¡commends¡¡itself¡¡to¡¡the¡¡authorities¡£¡¡

Writing¡¡¡¡¡¡books¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡against¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡theory¡¡¡¡embodied¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

government¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡day£»¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡certainly¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡recognized¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡work¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡No¡¡

more¡¡would¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡painting¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡pictures¡¡in¡¡a¡¡different¡¡¡¡¡¡style¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Royal¡¡Academy£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡producing¡¡¡¡¡¡plays¡¡¡¡¡¡unpleasing¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡censor¡£¡¡Any¡¡¡¡¡¡new¡¡

line¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡thought¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡banned£»¡¡¡¡¡¡unless¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡influence¡¡¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ