proposed roads to freedom(通往自由之路)-第14节
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any support。
In England Marx has never had many followers。 Socialism there has
been inspired in the main by the Fabians （founded in 1883）； who threw
over the advocacy of revolution； the Marxian doctrine of value； and the
class…war。 What remained was State Socialism and a doctrine of
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‘‘permeation。'' Civil servants were to be permeated with the realization
that Socialism would enormously increase their power。 Trade Unions were
to be permeated with the belief that the day for purely industrial action
was past； and that they must look to government （inspired secretly by
sympathetic civil servants） to bring about； bit by bit； such parts of the
Socialist program as were not likely to rouse much hostility in the rich。
The Independent Labor Party （formed in 1893） was largely inspired at first
by the ideas of the Fabians； though retaining to the present day； and
especially since the outbreak of the war； much more of the original
Socialist ardor。 It aimed always at co…operation with the industrial
organizations of wage…earners； and； chiefly through its efforts； the Labor
Party＇20＇ was formed in 1900 out of a combination of the Trade Unions
and the political Socialists。 To this party； since 1909； all the important
Unions have belonged； but in spite of the fact that its strength is derived
from Trade Unions； it has stood always for political rather than industrial
action。 Its Socialism has been of a theoretical and academic order； and in
practice； until the outbreak of war； the Labor members in Parliament （of
whom 30 were elected in 1906 and 42 in December； 1910） might be
reckoned almost as a part of the Liberal Party。
＇20＇ Of which the Independent Labor Party is only a section。
France； unlike England and Germany； was not content merely to
repeat the old shibboleths with continually diminishing conviction。 In
France＇21＇ a new movement； originally known as Revolutionary
Syndicalismand afterward simply as Syndicalism kept alive the vigor
of the original impulse； and remained true to the spirit of the older
Socialists； while departing from the letter。 Syndicalism； unlike Socialism
and Anarchism； began from an existing organization and developed the
ideas appropriate to it； whereas Socialism and Anarchism began with the
ideas and only afterward developed the organizations which were their
vehicle。 In order to understand Syndicalism； we have first to describe
Trade Union organization in France； and its political environment。 The
ideas of Syndicalism will then appear as the natural outcome of the
political and economic situation。 Hardly any of these ideas are new；
almost all are derived from the Bakunist section of the old
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PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
International。＇21＇ The old International had considerable success in France
before the Franco… Prussian War； indeed； in 1869； it is estimated to have
had a French membership of a quarter of a million。 What is practically the
Syndicalist program was advocated by a French delegate to the Congress
of the International at Bale in that same year。＇22＇
＇20＇ And also in Italy。 A good； short account of the Italian movement
is given by A。 Lanzillo； ‘‘Le Mouvement Ouvrier en Italie；'' Bibliotheque
du Mouvement Proletarien。 See also Paul Louis； ‘‘Le Syndicalisme
Europeen；'' chap。 vi。 On the other hand Cole （‘‘World of Labour；'' chap。 vi）
considers the strength of genuine Syndicalism in Italy to be small。
＇21＇ This is often recognized by Syndicalists themselves。 See； e。g。； an
article on ‘‘The Old International'' in the Syndicalist of February； 1913；
which； after giving an account of the struggle between Marx and Bakunin
from the standpoint of a sympathizer with the latter； says： ‘‘Bakounin's
ideas are now more alive than ever。''
＇22＇ See pp。 42…43； and 160 of ‘‘Syndicalism in France；'' Louis Levine；
Ph。D。 （Columbia University Studies in Political Science； vol。 xlvi； No。 3。）
This is a very objective and reliable account of the origin and progress of
French Syndicalism。 An admirable short discussion of its ideas and its
present position will be found in Cole's ‘‘World of Labour'' （G。 Bell &
Sons）； especially chapters iii； iv； and xi。
The war of 1870 put an end for the time being to the Socialist
Movement in France。 Its revival was begun by Jules Guesde in 1877。
Unlike the Ger… man Socialists； the French have been split into many
different factions。 In the early eighties there was a split between the
Parliamentary Socialists and the Communist Anarchists。 The latter thought
that the first act of the Social Revolution should be the destruction of the
State； and would therefore have nothing to do with Parliamentary politics。
The Anarchists； from 1883 onward； had success in Paris and the South。
The Socialists contended that the State will disappear after the Socialist
society has been firmly established。 In 1882 the Socialists split between
the followers of Guesde； who claimed to represent the revolutionary and
scientific Socialism of Marx； and the followers of Paul Brousse； who were
more opportunist and were also called possibilists and cared little for the
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theories of Marx。 In 1890 there was a secession from the Broussists； who
followed Allemane and absorbed the more revolutionary elements of the
party and became leading spirits in some of the strongest syndicates。
Another group was the Independent Socialists； among whom were Jaures；
Millerand and Viviani。＇23＇
＇23＇ See Levine； op。 cit。； chap。 ii。
The disputes between the various sections of Socialists caused
difficulties in the Trade Unions and helped to bring about the resolution to
keep politics out of the Unions。 From this to Syndicalism was an easy
step。
Since the year 1905； as the result of a union between the Parti
Socialiste de France （Part； Ouvrier Socialiste Revolutionnaire Francais led
by Guesde） and the Parti Socialiste Francais （Jaures）； there have been only
two groups of Socialists； the United Socialist Party and the Independents；
who are intellectuals or not willing to be tied to a party。 At the General
Election of 1914 the former secured 102 members and the latter 30； out of
a total of 590。
Tendencies toward a rapprochement between the various groups were
seriously interfered with by an event which had considerable importance
for the whole development of advanced political ideas in France； namely；
the acceptance of office in the Waldeck… Rousseau Ministry by the
Socialist Millerand in 1899。 Millerand； as was to be expected； soon ceased
to be a Socialist； and the opponents of political action pointed to his
development as showing the vanity of political triumphs。 Very many
French politicians who have risen to power have begun their political
career as Socialists； and have ended it not infrequently by employing the
army to oppress strikers。 Millerand's action was the most notable and
dramatic among a number of others of a similar kind。 Their cumulative
effect has been to produce a certain cynicism in regard to politics among
the more class…conscious of French wage…earners； and this state of mind
greatly assisted the spread of Syndicalism。
Syndicalism stands essentially for the point of view of the producer as
opposed to that of the consumer； it is concerned with reforming actual
work； and the organization of industry； not MERELY with securing greater
