Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·) >

µÚ14½Ú

proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·)-µÚ14½Ú

С˵£º proposed roads to freedom(ͨÍù×ÔÓÉ֮·) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




any¡¡support¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡England¡¡Marx¡¡has¡¡never¡¡had¡¡many¡¡followers¡£¡¡Socialism¡¡there¡¡has¡¡

been¡¡¡¡¡¡inspired¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡main¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Fabians¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨founded¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡1883£©£»¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡threw¡¡

over¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡advocacy¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡revolution£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Marxian¡¡¡¡¡¡doctrine¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡value£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

class¡­war¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡What¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡remained¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡doctrine¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡42¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡43¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



¡®¡®permeation¡£''¡¡¡¡¡¡Civil¡¡¡¡¡¡servants¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡permeated¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡realization¡¡

that¡¡Socialism¡¡would¡¡enormously¡¡increase¡¡their¡¡power¡£¡¡Trade¡¡Unions¡¡were¡¡

to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡permeated¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡belief¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡day¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡purely¡¡¡¡¡¡industrial¡¡¡¡¡¡action¡¡

was¡¡¡¡¡¡past£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡must¡¡¡¡¡¡look¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡government¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨inspired¡¡¡¡¡¡secretly¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡

sympathetic¡¡¡¡¡¡civil¡¡¡¡¡¡servants£©¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡bring¡¡¡¡¡¡about£»¡¡¡¡¡¡bit¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡bit£»¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡parts¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Socialist¡¡program¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡not¡¡likely¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡rouse¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡hostility¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡rich¡£¡¡

The¡¡Independent¡¡Labor¡¡Party¡¡£¨formed¡¡in¡¡1893£©¡¡was¡¡largely¡¡inspired¡¡at¡¡first¡¡

by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡ideas¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Fabians£»¡¡¡¡¡¡though¡¡¡¡¡¡retaining¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡day£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

especially¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡outbreak¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡war£»¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡original¡¡

Socialist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ardor¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡aimed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡always¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡co¡­operation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡industrial¡¡

organizations¡¡of¡¡wage¡­earners£»¡¡and£»¡¡chiefly¡¡through¡¡its¡¡efforts£»¡¡the¡¡Labor¡¡

Party£§20£§¡¡was¡¡formed¡¡in¡¡1900¡¡out¡¡of¡¡a¡¡combination¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Trade¡¡Unions¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡political¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialists¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡To¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡party£»¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡1909£»¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡important¡¡

Unions¡¡have¡¡belonged£»¡¡but¡¡in¡¡spite¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡its¡¡strength¡¡is¡¡derived¡¡

from¡¡Trade¡¡Unions£»¡¡it¡¡has¡¡stood¡¡always¡¡for¡¡political¡¡rather¡¡than¡¡industrial¡¡

action¡£¡¡Its¡¡Socialism¡¡has¡¡been¡¡of¡¡a¡¡theoretical¡¡and¡¡academic¡¡order£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡

practice£»¡¡until¡¡the¡¡outbreak¡¡of¡¡war£»¡¡the¡¡Labor¡¡members¡¡in¡¡Parliament¡¡£¨of¡¡

whom¡¡¡¡¡¡30¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡elected¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡1906¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡42¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡December£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1910£©¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

reckoned¡¡almost¡¡as¡¡a¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Liberal¡¡Party¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§20£§¡¡Of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡Independent¡¡Labor¡¡Party¡¡is¡¡only¡¡a¡¡section¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡France£»¡¡¡¡¡¡unlike¡¡¡¡¡¡England¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Germany£»¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡content¡¡¡¡¡¡merely¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

repeat¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡old¡¡¡¡¡¡shibboleths¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡continually¡¡¡¡¡¡diminishing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡conviction¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡

France£§21£§¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡new¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡movement£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡originally¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡known¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡Revolutionary¡¡

Syndicalismand¡¡afterward¡¡simply¡¡as¡¡Syndicalism¡¡kept¡¡alive¡¡the¡¡vigor¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡original¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡impulse£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡remained¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡true¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡spirit¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡older¡¡

Socialists£»¡¡while¡¡departing¡¡from¡¡the¡¡letter¡£¡¡Syndicalism£»¡¡unlike¡¡Socialism¡¡

and¡¡Anarchism£»¡¡¡¡¡¡began¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡existing¡¡¡¡¡¡organization¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡developed¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

ideas¡¡appropriate¡¡to¡¡it£»¡¡whereas¡¡Socialism¡¡and¡¡Anarchism¡¡began¡¡with¡¡the¡¡

ideas¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡afterward¡¡¡¡¡¡developed¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡organizations¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡

vehicle¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡order¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡understand¡¡¡¡¡¡Syndicalism£»¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡describe¡¡

Trade¡¡¡¡¡¡Union¡¡¡¡¡¡organization¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡France£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡political¡¡¡¡¡¡environment¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡

ideas¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Syndicalism¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡¡¡¡¡appear¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡natural¡¡¡¡¡¡outcome¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

political¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡economic¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡situation¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Hardly¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡ideas¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡new£»¡¡

almost¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡derived¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Bakunist¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡section¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡old¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡43¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡44¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



International¡££§21£§¡¡The¡¡old¡¡International¡¡had¡¡considerable¡¡success¡¡in¡¡France¡¡

before¡¡the¡¡Franco¡­¡¡Prussian¡¡War£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡in¡¡1869£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡estimated¡¡to¡¡have¡¡

had¡¡a¡¡French¡¡membership¡¡of¡¡a¡¡quarter¡¡of¡¡a¡¡million¡£¡¡What¡¡is¡¡practically¡¡the¡¡

Syndicalist¡¡program¡¡was¡¡advocated¡¡by¡¡a¡¡French¡¡delegate¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Congress¡¡

of¡¡the¡¡International¡¡at¡¡Bale¡¡in¡¡that¡¡same¡¡year¡££§22£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§20£§¡¡And¡¡also¡¡in¡¡Italy¡£¡¡A¡¡good£»¡¡short¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Italian¡¡movement¡¡

is¡¡given¡¡by¡¡A¡£¡¡Lanzillo£»¡¡¡®¡®Le¡¡Mouvement¡¡Ouvrier¡¡en¡¡Italie£»''¡¡Bibliotheque¡¡

du¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Mouvement¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Proletarien¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡See¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡Paul¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Louis£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®Le¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Syndicalisme¡¡

Europeen£»''¡¡chap¡£¡¡vi¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand¡¡Cole¡¡£¨¡®¡®World¡¡of¡¡Labour£»''¡¡chap¡£¡¡vi£©¡¡

considers¡¡the¡¡strength¡¡of¡¡genuine¡¡Syndicalism¡¡in¡¡Italy¡¡to¡¡be¡¡small¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§21£§¡¡This¡¡is¡¡often¡¡recognized¡¡by¡¡Syndicalists¡¡themselves¡£¡¡See£»¡¡e¡£g¡££»¡¡an¡¡

article¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®The¡¡¡¡¡¡Old¡¡¡¡¡¡International''¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Syndicalist¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡February£»¡¡¡¡¡¡1913£»¡¡

which£»¡¡after¡¡giving¡¡an¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡struggle¡¡between¡¡Marx¡¡and¡¡Bakunin¡¡

from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡standpoint¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡sympathizer¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡latter£»¡¡¡¡¡¡says£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®Bakounin's¡¡

ideas¡¡are¡¡now¡¡more¡¡alive¡¡than¡¡ever¡£''¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§22£§¡¡See¡¡pp¡£¡¡42¡­43£»¡¡and¡¡160¡¡of¡¡¡®¡®Syndicalism¡¡in¡¡France£»''¡¡Louis¡¡Levine£»¡¡

Ph¡£D¡£¡¡£¨Columbia¡¡University¡¡Studies¡¡in¡¡Political¡¡Science£»¡¡vol¡£¡¡xlvi£»¡¡No¡£¡¡3¡££©¡¡

This¡¡is¡¡a¡¡very¡¡objective¡¡and¡¡reliable¡¡account¡¡of¡¡the¡¡origin¡¡and¡¡progress¡¡of¡¡

French¡¡¡¡¡¡Syndicalism¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡An¡¡¡¡¡¡admirable¡¡¡¡¡¡short¡¡¡¡¡¡discussion¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡ideas¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡

present¡¡¡¡¡¡position¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Cole's¡¡¡¡¡¡¡®¡®World¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Labour''¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨G¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Bell¡¡¡¡¡¡&¡¡

Sons£©£»¡¡especially¡¡chapters¡¡iii£»¡¡iv£»¡¡and¡¡xi¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡war¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡1870¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡put¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡end¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡time¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialist¡¡

Movement¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡France¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Its¡¡¡¡¡¡revival¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡begun¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡Jules¡¡¡¡¡¡Guesde¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡1877¡£¡¡

Unlike¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Ger¡­¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡French¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡split¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡

different¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡factions¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡early¡¡¡¡¡¡eighties¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡there¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡split¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Parliamentary¡¡Socialists¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Communist¡¡Anarchists¡£¡¡The¡¡latter¡¡thought¡¡

that¡¡the¡¡first¡¡act¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Social¡¡Revolution¡¡should¡¡be¡¡the¡¡destruction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

State£»¡¡and¡¡would¡¡therefore¡¡have¡¡nothing¡¡to¡¡do¡¡with¡¡Parliamentary¡¡politics¡£¡¡

The¡¡Anarchists£»¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡1883¡¡¡¡¡¡onward£»¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡success¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Paris¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡South¡£¡¡

The¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialists¡¡¡¡¡¡contended¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡State¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡disappear¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialist¡¡

society¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡firmly¡¡¡¡established¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡1882¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Socialists¡¡¡¡¡¡split¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡

the¡¡followers¡¡of¡¡Guesde£»¡¡who¡¡claimed¡¡to¡¡represent¡¡the¡¡revolutionary¡¡and¡¡

scientific¡¡Socialism¡¡of¡¡Marx£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡followers¡¡of¡¡Paul¡¡Brousse£»¡¡who¡¡were¡¡

more¡¡opportunist¡¡and¡¡were¡¡also¡¡called¡¡possibilists¡¡and¡¡cared¡¡little¡¡for¡¡the¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡44¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡45¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PROPOSED¡¡ROADS¡¡TO¡¡FREEDOM¡¡



theories¡¡of¡¡Marx¡£¡¡In¡¡1890¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡secession¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Broussists£»¡¡who¡¡

followed¡¡Allemane¡¡and¡¡absorbed¡¡the¡¡more¡¡revolutionary¡¡elements¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

party¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡became¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡leading¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡spirits¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡some¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡strongest¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡syndicates¡£¡¡

Another¡¡group¡¡was¡¡the¡¡Independent¡¡Socialists£»¡¡among¡¡whom¡¡were¡¡Jaures£»¡¡

Millerand¡¡and¡¡Viviani¡££§23£§¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£§23£§¡¡See¡¡Levine£»¡¡op¡£¡¡cit¡££»¡¡chap¡£¡¡ii¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡disputes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡various¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡sections¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡Socialists¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡caused¡¡

difficulties¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Trade¡¡Unions¡¡and¡¡helped¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡about¡¡the¡¡resolution¡¡to¡¡

keep¡¡¡¡¡¡politics¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Unions¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡From¡¡¡¡¡¡this¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡Syndicalism¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡easy¡¡

step¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Since¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡year¡¡¡¡¡¡1905£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡result¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡union¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Parti¡¡

Socialiste¡¡de¡¡France¡¡£¨Part£»¡¡Ouvrier¡¡Socialiste¡¡Revolutionnaire¡¡Francais¡¡led¡¡

by¡¡Guesde£©¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Parti¡¡Socialiste¡¡Francais¡¡£¨Jaures£©£»¡¡there¡¡have¡¡been¡¡only¡¡

two¡¡groups¡¡of¡¡Socialists£»¡¡the¡¡United¡¡Socialist¡¡Party¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Independents£»¡¡

who¡¡are¡¡intellectuals¡¡or¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡willing¡¡to¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡tied¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡party¡£¡¡At¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡General¡¡

Election¡¡of¡¡1914¡¡the¡¡former¡¡secured¡¡102¡¡members¡¡and¡¡the¡¡latter¡¡30£»¡¡out¡¡of¡¡

a¡¡total¡¡of¡¡590¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Tendencies¡¡toward¡¡a¡¡rapprochement¡¡between¡¡the¡¡various¡¡groups¡¡were¡¡

seriously¡¡interfered¡¡with¡¡by¡¡an¡¡event¡¡which¡¡had¡¡considerable¡¡importance¡¡

for¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡development¡¡of¡¡advanced¡¡political¡¡ideas¡¡in¡¡France£»¡¡namely£»¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡acceptance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡office¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Waldeck¡­¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Rousseau¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Ministry¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

Socialist¡¡Millerand¡¡in¡¡1899¡£¡¡Millerand£»¡¡as¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡expected£»¡¡soon¡¡ceased¡¡

to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡Socialist£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡opponents¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡political¡¡¡¡¡¡action¡¡¡¡¡¡pointed¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡

development¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡showing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡vanity¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡political¡¡¡¡¡¡triumphs¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Very¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡

French¡¡¡¡¡¡politicians¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡risen¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡begun¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡political¡¡

career¡¡as¡¡Socialists£»¡¡and¡¡have¡¡ended¡¡it¡¡not¡¡infrequently¡¡by¡¡employing¡¡the¡¡

army¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡oppress¡¡¡¡¡¡strikers¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡Millerand's¡¡¡¡¡¡action¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡notable¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡

dramatic¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡number¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡others¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡similar¡¡¡¡¡¡kind¡£¡¡¡¡Their¡¡¡¡¡¡cumulative¡¡

effect¡¡has¡¡been¡¡to¡¡produce¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡cynicism¡¡in¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡politics¡¡among¡¡

the¡¡more¡¡class¡­conscious¡¡of¡¡French¡¡wage¡­earners£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡state¡¡of¡¡mind¡¡

greatly¡¡assisted¡¡the¡¡spread¡¡of¡¡Syndicalism¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Syndicalism¡¡stands¡¡essentially¡¡for¡¡the¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡of¡¡the¡¡producer¡¡as¡¡

opposed¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡consumer£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡concerned¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡reforming¡¡¡¡¡¡actual¡¡

work£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡organization¡¡of¡¡industry£»¡¡not¡¡MERELY¡¡with¡¡securing¡¡greater¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ