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ever¡¡could¡¡he¡¡draw¡¡from¡¡Carleton¡¡a¡¡reply¡£¡¡At¡¡last¡¡Montgomery¡¡tried£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡dark¡¡of¡¡early¡¡morning¡¡of¡¡New¡¡Year's¡¡Day£»¡¡1776£»¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡Quebec¡¡by¡¡storm¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡to¡¡lead¡¡an¡¡attack¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Lower¡¡Town¡¡from¡¡the¡¡west¡¡side£»¡¡while¡¡Arnold¡¡was¡¡to¡¡enter¡¡from¡¡the¡¡opposite¡¡side¡£¡¡When¡¡they¡¡met¡¡in¡¡the¡¡center¡¡they¡¡were¡¡to¡¡storm¡¡the¡¡citadel¡¡on¡¡the¡¡heights¡¡above¡£¡¡They¡¡counted¡¡on¡¡the¡¡help¡¡of¡¡the¡¡French¡¡inhabitants£»¡¡from¡¡whom¡¡Carleton¡¡said¡¡bitterly¡¡enough¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡nothing¡¡to¡¡fear¡¡in¡¡prosperity¡¡and¡¡nothing¡¡to¡¡hope¡¡for¡¡in¡¡adversity¡£¡¡Arnold¡¡pressed¡¡his¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡attack¡¡with¡¡vigor¡¡and¡¡penetrated¡¡to¡¡the¡¡streets¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Lower¡¡Town¡¡where¡¡he¡¡fell¡¡wounded¡£¡¡Captain¡¡Daniel¡¡Morgan£»¡¡who¡¡took¡¡over¡¡the¡¡command£»¡¡was¡¡made¡¡prisoner¡£

Montgomery's¡¡fate¡¡was¡¡more¡¡tragic¡£¡¡In¡¡spite¡¡of¡¡protests¡¡from¡¡his¡¡officers£»¡¡he¡¡led¡¡in¡¡person¡¡the¡¡attack¡¡from¡¡the¡¡west¡¡side¡¡of¡¡the¡¡fortress¡£¡¡The¡¡advance¡¡was¡¡along¡¡a¡¡narrow¡¡road¡¡under¡¡the¡¡towering¡¡cliffs¡¡of¡¡a¡¡great¡¡precipice¡£¡¡The¡¡attack¡¡was¡¡expected¡¡by¡¡the¡¡British¡¡and¡¡the¡¡guard¡¡at¡¡the¡¡barrier¡¡was¡¡ordered¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡its¡¡fire¡¡until¡¡the¡¡enemy¡¡was¡¡near¡£¡¡Suddenly¡¡there¡¡was¡¡a¡¡roar¡¡of¡¡cannon¡¡and¡¡the¡¡assailants¡¡not¡¡swept¡¡down¡¡fled¡¡in¡¡panic¡£¡¡With¡¡the¡¡morning¡¡light¡¡the¡¡dead¡¡head¡¡of¡¡Montgomery¡¡was¡¡found¡¡protruding¡¡from¡¡the¡¡snow¡£¡¡He¡¡was¡¡mourned¡¡by¡¡Washington¡¡and¡¡with¡¡reason¡£¡¡He¡¡had¡¡talents¡¡and¡¡character¡¡which¡¡might¡¡have¡¡made¡¡him¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡leaders¡¡of¡¡the¡¡revolutionary¡¡army¡£¡¡Elsewhere£»¡¡too£»¡¡was¡¡he¡¡mourned¡£¡¡His¡¡father£»¡¡an¡¡Irish¡¡landowner£»¡¡had¡¡been¡¡a¡¡member¡¡of¡¡the¡¡British¡¡Parliament£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡himself¡¡was¡¡a¡¡Whig£»¡¡known¡¡to¡¡Fox¡¡and¡¡Burke¡£¡¡When¡¡news¡¡of¡¡his¡¡death¡¡reached¡¡England¡¡eulogies¡¡upon¡¡him¡¡came¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Whig¡¡benches¡¡in¡¡Parliament¡¡which¡¡could¡¡not¡¡have¡¡been¡¡stronger¡¡had¡¡he¡¡died¡¡fighting¡¡for¡¡the¡¡King¡£


While¡¡the¡¡outlook¡¡in¡¡Canada¡¡grew¡¡steadily¡¡darker£»¡¡the¡¡American¡¡cause¡¡prospered¡¡before¡¡Boston¡£¡¡There¡¡Howe¡¡was¡¡not¡¡at¡¡ease¡£¡¡If¡¡it¡¡was¡¡really¡¡to¡¡be¡¡war£»¡¡which¡¡he¡¡still¡¡doubted£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡well¡¡to¡¡seek¡¡some¡¡other¡¡base¡£¡¡Washington¡¡helped¡¡Howe¡¡to¡¡take¡¡action¡£¡¡Dorchester¡¡Heights¡¡commanded¡¡Boston¡¡as¡¡critically¡¡from¡¡the¡¡south¡¡as¡¡did¡¡Bunker¡¡Hill¡¡from¡¡the¡¡north¡£¡¡By¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡February¡¡Washington¡¡had¡¡British¡¡cannon£»¡¡brought¡¡with¡¡heavy¡¡labor¡¡from¡¡Ticonderoga£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡he¡¡lost¡¡no¡¡time¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡morning¡¡of¡¡March¡¡5£»¡¡1776£»¡¡Howe¡¡awoke¡¡to¡¡find¡¡that£»¡¡under¡¡cover¡¡of¡¡a¡¡heavy¡¡bombardment£»¡¡American¡¡troops¡¡had¡¡occupied¡¡Dorchester¡¡Heights¡¡and¡¡that¡¡if¡¡he¡¡would¡¡dislodge¡¡them¡¡he¡¡must¡¡make¡¡another¡¡attack¡¡similar¡¡to¡¡that¡¡at¡¡Bunker¡¡Hill¡£¡¡The¡¡alternative¡¡of¡¡stiff¡¡fighting¡¡was¡¡the¡¡evacuation¡¡of¡¡Boston¡£¡¡Howe£»¡¡though¡¡dilatory£»¡¡was¡¡a¡¡good¡¡fighting¡¡soldier¡£¡¡His¡¡defects¡¡as¡¡a¡¡general¡¡in¡¡America¡¡sprang¡¡in¡¡part¡¡from¡¡his¡¡belief¡¡that¡¡the¡¡war¡¡was¡¡unjust¡¡and¡¡that¡¡delay¡¡might¡¡bring¡¡counsels¡¡making¡¡for¡¡peace¡¡and¡¡save¡¡bloodshed¡£¡¡His¡¡first¡¡decision¡¡was¡¡to¡¡attack£»¡¡but¡¡a¡¡furious¡¡gale¡¡thwarted¡¡his¡¡purpose£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡then¡¡prepared¡¡for¡¡the¡¡inevitable¡¡step¡£

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Quebec¡¡did¡¡not¡¡fall¡£¡¡All¡¡through¡¡the¡¡winter¡¡the¡¡Americans¡¡held¡¡on¡¡before¡¡the¡¡place¡£¡¡They¡¡shivered¡¡from¡¡cold¡£¡¡They¡¡suffered¡¡from¡¡the¡¡dread¡¡disease¡¡smallpox¡£¡¡They¡¡had¡¡difficulty¡¡in¡¡getting¡¡food¡£¡¡The¡¡Canadians¡¡were¡¡insistent¡¡on¡¡having¡¡good¡¡money¡¡for¡¡what¡¡they¡¡offered¡¡and¡¡since¡¡good¡¡money¡¡was¡¡not¡¡always¡¡in¡¡the¡¡treasury¡¡the¡¡invading¡¡army¡¡sometimes¡¡used¡¡violence¡£¡¡Then¡¡the¡¡Canadians¡¡became¡¡more¡¡reserved¡¡and¡¡chilling¡¡than¡¡ever¡£¡¡In¡¡hope¡¡of¡¡mending¡¡matters¡¡Congress¡¡sent¡¡a¡¡commission¡¡to¡¡Montreal¡¡in¡¡the¡¡spring¡¡of¡¡1776¡£¡¡Its¡¡chairman¡¡was¡¡Benjamin¡¡Franklin¡¡and£»¡¡with¡¡him£»¡¡were¡¡two¡¡leading¡¡Roman¡¡Catholics£»¡¡Charles¡¡Carroll¡¡of¡¡Carrollton£»¡¡a¡¡great¡¡landowner¡¡of¡¡Maryland£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡brother¡¡John£»¡¡a¡¡priest£»¡¡afterwards¡¡Archbishop¡¡of¡¡Baltimore¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡not¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡represent¡¡as¡¡the¡¡liberator¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Catholic¡¡Canadians¡¡the¡¡Congress¡¡which¡¡had¡¡denounced¡¡in¡¡scathing¡¡terms¡¡the¡¡concessions¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Quebec¡¡Act¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Catholic¡¡Church¡£¡¡Franklin¡¡was¡¡a¡¡master¡¡of¡¡conciliation£»¡¡but¡¡before¡¡he¡¡achieved¡¡anything¡¡a¡¡dramatic¡¡event¡¡happened¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡6th¡¡of¡¡May£»¡¡British¡¡ships¡¡arrived¡¡at¡¡Quebec¡£¡¡The¡¡inhabitants¡¡rushed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡ramparts¡£¡¡Cries¡¡of¡¡joy¡¡passed¡¡from¡¡street¡¡to¡¡street¡¡and¡¡they¡¡reached¡¡the¡¡little¡¡American¡¡army£»¡¡now¡¡under¡¡General¡¡Thomas£»¡¡encamped¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Plains¡¡of¡¡Abraham¡£¡¡Panic¡¡seized¡¡the¡¡small¡¡force¡¡which¡¡had¡¡held¡¡on¡¡so¡¡long¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡ships¡¡were¡¡ten¡¡thousand¡¡fresh¡¡British¡¡troops¡£¡¡The¡¡one¡¡thing¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Americans¡¡to¡¡do¡¡was¡¡to¡¡get¡¡away£»¡¡and¡¡they¡¡fled£»¡¡leaving¡¡behind¡¡guns£»¡¡supplies£»¡¡even¡¡clothing¡¡and¡¡private¡¡papers¡£¡¡Five¡¡days¡¡later¡¡Franklin£»¡¡at¡¡Montreal£»¡¡was¡¡dismayed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡distressing¡¡news¡¡of¡¡disaster¡£

Congress¡¡sent¡¡six¡¡regiments¡¡to¡¡reinforce¡¡the¡¡army¡¡which¡¡had¡¡fled¡¡from¡¡Quebec¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡desperate¡¡venture¡£¡¡Washington's¡¡orders¡¡were¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Americans¡¡should¡¡fight¡¡the¡¡new¡¡British¡¡army¡¡as¡¡near¡¡Quebec¡¡as¡¡possible¡£¡¡The¡¡decisive¡¡struggle¡¡took¡¡place¡¡on¡¡the¡¡8th¡¡of¡¡June¡£¡¡An¡¡American¡¡force¡¡under¡¡the¡¡command¡¡of¡¡General¡¡Thompson¡¡attacked¡¡Three¡¡Rivers£»¡¡a¡¡town¡¡on¡¡the¡¡St¡£¡¡Lawrence£»¡¡half¡¡way¡¡between¡¡Quebec¡¡and¡¡Montreal¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡repulsed¡¡and¡¡the¡¡general¡¡was¡¡taken¡¡prisoner¡£¡¡The¡¡wonder¡¡is¡¡indeed¡¡that¡¡the¡¡army¡¡was¡¡not¡¡annihilated¡£¡¡Then¡¡followed¡¡a¡¡disastrous¡¡retreat¡£¡¡Short¡¡of¡¡supplies£»¡¡ravaged¡¡by¡¡smallpox£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡bad¡¡weather£»¡¡the¡¡invaders¡¡tried¡¡to¡¡make¡¡their¡¡way¡¡back¡¡to¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡£¡¡They¡¡evacuated¡¡Montreal¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡hard¡¡enough¡¡in¡¡the¡¡day¡¡of¡¡success¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡together¡¡an¡¡untrained¡¡army¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡day¡¡of¡¡defeat¡¡such¡¡a¡¡force¡¡is¡¡apt¡¡to¡¡become¡¡a¡¡mere¡¡rabble¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡regiments¡¡preserved¡¡discipline¡£¡¡Others¡¡fell¡¡into¡¡complete¡¡disorder¡¡as£»¡¡weak¡¡and¡¡discouraged£»¡¡they¡¡retired¡¡to¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡£¡¡Many¡¡soldiers¡¡perished¡¡of¡¡disease¡£¡¡¡¨I¡¡did¡¡not¡¡look¡¡into¡¡a¡¡hut¡¡or¡¡a¡¡tent£»¡¨¡¡says¡¡an¡¡observer£»¡¡¡¨in¡¡which¡¡I¡¡did¡¡not¡¡find¡¡a¡¡dead¡¡or¡¡dying¡¡man¡£¡¨¡¡Those¡¡who¡¡had¡¡huts¡¡were¡¡fortunate¡£¡¡The¡¡fate¡¡of¡¡some¡¡was¡¡to¡¡die¡¡without¡¡medical¡¡care¡¡and¡¡without¡¡cover¡£¡¡By¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡June¡¡what¡¡was¡¡left¡£¡¡of¡¡the¡¡force¡¡had¡¡reached¡¡Crown¡¡Point¡¡on¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡£

Benedict¡¡Arnold£»¡¡who¡¡had¡¡been¡¡wounded¡¡at¡¡Quebec£»¡¡was¡¡now¡¡at¡¡Crown¡¡Point¡£¡¡Competent¡¡critics¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡¡have¡¡held¡¡that¡¡what¡¡Arnold¡¡now¡¡did¡¡saved¡¡the¡¡Revolution¡£¡¡In¡¡another¡¡scene£»¡¡before¡¡the¡¡summer¡¡ended£»¡¡the¡¡British¡¡had¡¡taken¡¡New¡¡York¡¡and¡¡made¡¡themselves¡¡masters¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡Hudson¡£¡¡Had¡¡they¡¡reached¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡season¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡Hudson¡¡by¡¡way¡¡of¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡¡they¡¡would¡¡have¡¡struck¡¡blows¡¡doubly¡¡staggering¡£¡¡This¡¡Arnold¡¡saw£»¡¡and¡¡his¡¡object¡¡was¡¡to¡¡delay£»¡¡if¡¡he¡¡could¡¡not¡¡defeat£»¡¡the¡¡British¡¡advance¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡no¡¡road¡¡through¡¡the¡¡dense¡¡forest¡¡by¡¡the¡¡shores¡¡of¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡¡and¡¡Lake¡¡George¡¡to¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡Hudson¡£¡¡The¡¡British¡¡must¡¡go¡¡down¡¡the¡¡lake¡¡in¡¡boats¡£¡¡This¡¡General¡¡Carleton¡¡had¡¡foreseen¡¡and¡¡he¡¡had¡¡urged¡¡that¡¡with¡¡the¡¡fleet¡¡sent¡¡to¡¡Quebec¡¡should¡¡be¡¡sent¡¡from¡¡England£»¡¡in¡¡sections£»¡¡boats¡¡which¡¡could¡¡be¡¡quickly¡¡carried¡¡past¡¡the¡¡rapids¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Richelieu¡¡River¡¡and¡¡launched¡¡on¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡£¡¡They¡¡had¡¡not¡¡come¡¡and¡¡the¡¡only¡¡thing¡¡for¡¡Carleton¡¡to¡¡do¡¡was¡¡to¡¡build¡¡a¡¡flotilla¡¡which¡¡could¡¡carry¡¡an¡¡army¡¡up¡¡the¡¡lake¡¡and¡¡attack¡¡Crown¡¡Point¡£¡¡The¡¡thing¡¡was¡¡done¡¡but¡¡skilled¡¡workmen¡¡were¡¡few¡¡and¡¡not¡¡until¡¡the¡¡6th¡¡of¡¡October¡¡were¡¡the¡¡little¡¡ships¡¡afloat¡¡on¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡£¡¡Arnold£»¡¡too£»¡¡spent¡¡the¡¡summer¡¡in¡¡building¡¡boats¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡the¡¡attack¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡a¡¡strange¡¡turn¡¡in¡¡warfare¡¡which¡¡now¡¡made¡¡him¡¡commander¡¡in¡¡a¡¡naval¡¡fight¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡a¡¡brisk¡¡struggle¡¡on¡¡Lake¡¡Champlain¡£¡¡Carleton¡¡had¡¡a¡¡score¡¡or¡¡so¡¡of¡¡vessels£»¡¡Arnold¡¡not¡¡so¡¡many¡£¡¡But¡¡he¡¡delayed¡¡Carleton¡£¡¡When¡¡he¡¡was¡¡beaten¡¡on¡¡the¡¡water¡¡he¡¡burned¡¡the¡¡ships¡¡not¡¡captured¡¡and¡¡took¡¡to¡¡the¡¡land¡£¡¡When¡¡he¡¡could¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡hold¡¡Crown¡¡Point¡¡he¡¡burned¡¡that¡¡place¡¡and¡¡retreated¡¡to¡¡Ticonderoga¡£

By¡¡this¡¡time¡¡it¡¡was¡¡late¡¡autumn¡£¡¡The¡¡British¡¡were¡¡far¡¡from¡¡their¡¡base¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Americans¡¡were¡¡retreating¡¡into¡¡a¡¡friendly¡¡country¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡little¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡Carleton¡¡could¡¡have¡¡taken¡¡Fort¡¡Ticonderoga¡£¡¡It¡¡fell¡¡quite¡¡easily¡¡less¡¡than¡¡a¡¡year¡¡later¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡his¡¡officers¡¡urged¡¡him¡¡to¡¡press¡¡on¡¡and¡¡do¡¡i

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