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The Writings of Abraham Lincoln



by Abraham Lincoln








VOLUME THREE



THE LINCOLN…DOUGLAS DEBATES I







POLITICAL SPEECHES & DEBATES of LINCOLN WITH DOUGLAS



In the Senatorial Campaign of 1858 in Illinois









SPEECH AT SPRINGFIELD; JUNE 17; 1858



'The following speech was delivered at Springfield; Ill。; at the

close of the Republican State Convention held at that time and

place; and by which Convention Mr。 LINCOLN had been named as

their candidate for United States Senator。  Mr。 DOUGLAS was not

present。'





Mr。 PRESIDENT AND GENTLEMEN OF THE CONVENTION:If we could first

know where we are; and whither we are tending; we could better

judge what to do; and how to do it。  We are now far into the

fifth year since a policy was initiated with the avowed object

and confident promise of putting an end to slavery agitation。

Under the operation of that policy; that agitation has not only

not ceased; but has constantly augmented。  In my opinion; it will

not cease until a crisis shall have been reached and passed。  〃A

house divided against itself cannot stand。〃 I believe this

government cannot endure permanently half slave and half free。

I do not expect the Union to be dissolved; I do not expect the

house to fall; but I do expect it will cease to be divided。  It

will become all one thing; or all the other。  Either the

opponents of slavery will arrest the further spread of it; and

place it where the public mind shall rest in the belief that it

is in the course of ultimate extinction; or its advocates will

push it forward till it shall become alike lawful in all the

States; old as well as new; North as well as South。



Have we no tendency to the latter condition?



Let any one who doubts; carefully contemplate that now almost

complete legal combination…piece of machinery; so to speak

compounded of the Nebraska doctrine and the Dred Scott decision。

Let him consider; not only what work the machinery is adapted to

do; and how well adapted; but also let him study the history of

its construction; and trace; if he can; or rather fail; if he

can; to trace the evidences of design; and concert of action;

among its chief architects; from the beginning。



The new year of 1854 found slavery excluded from more than half

the States by State Constitutions; and from most of the National

territory by Congressional prohibition。  Four days later;

commenced the struggle which ended in repealing that

Congressional prohibition。  This opened all the National

territory to slavery; and was the first point gained。



But; so far; Congress only had acted; and an indorsement by the

people; real or apparent; was indispensable to save the point

already gained; and give chance for more。



This necessity had not been overlooked; but had been provided

for; as well as might be; in the notable argument of 〃squatter

sovereignty;〃 otherwise called 〃sacred right of self…government;〃

which latter phrase; though expressive of the only rightful basis

of any government; was so perverted in this attempted use of it

as to amount to just this: That if any one man choose to enslave

another; no third man shall be allowed to object。  That argument

was incorporated into the Nebraska Bill itself; in the language

which follows:



〃It being the true intent and meaning of this Act not to

legislate slavery into any Territory or State; nor to exclude it

therefrom; but to leave the people thereof perfectly free to form

and regulate their domestic institutions in their own way;

subject only to the Constitution of the United States。〃



Then opened the roar of loose declamation in favor of 〃squatter

sovereignty;〃 and 〃sacred right of self…government。〃  〃But;〃 said

opposition members; 〃let us amend the bill so as to expressly

declare that the people of the Territory may exclude slavery。〃

〃Not we;〃 said the friends of the measure; and down they voted

the amendment。



While the Nebraska Bill was passing through Congress; a law case;

involving the question of a negro's freedom; by reason of his

owner having voluntarily taken him first into a free State; and

then into a territory covered by the Congressional Prohibition;

and held him as a slave for a long time in each; was passing

through the United States Circuit Court for the District of

Missouri; and both Nebraska Bill and lawsuit were brought to a

decision in the same month of May; 1854。  The negro's name was

〃Dred Scott;〃 which name now designates the decision finally made

in the case。  Before the then next Presidential election; the law

case came to; and was argued in; the Supreme Court of the United

States; but the decision of it was deferred until after the

election。  Still; before the election; Senator Trumbull; on the

floor of the Senate; requested the leading advocate of the

Nebraska Bill to state his opinion whether the people of a

territory can constitutionally exclude slavery from their limits;

and the latter answers: 〃That is a question for the Supreme

Court。〃



The election came。  Mr。 Buchanan was elected; and the

indorsement; such as it was; secured。  That was the second point

gained。  The indorsement; however; fell short of a clear popular

majority by nearly four hundred thousand votes;(approximately 10%

of the vote) and so; perhaps; was not overwhelmingly reliable and

satisfactory。  The outgoing President; in his last annual

message; as impressively as possible echoed back upon the people

the weight and authority of the indorsement。  The Supreme Court

met again; did not announce their decision; but ordered a

reargument。  The Presidential inauguration came; and still no

decision of the court; but the incoming President; in his

inaugural address; fervently exhorted the people to abide by the

forth…coming decision; whatever it might be。  Then; in a few

days; came the decision。



The reputed author of the Nebraska Bill finds an early occasion

to make a speech at this capital indorsing the Dred Scott

decision; and vehemently denouncing all opposition to it。  The

new President; too; seizes the early occasion of the Silliman

letter to indorse and strongly construe that decision; and to

express his astonishment that any different view had ever been

entertained!



At length a squabble springs up between the President and the

author of the Nebraska Bill; on the mere question of fact;

whether the Lecompton Constitution was or was not in any just

sense made by the people of Kansas; and in that quarrel the

latter declares that all he wants is a fair vote for the people;

and that he cares not whether slavery be voted down or voted up。

I do not understand his declaration; that he cares not whether

slavery be voted down or voted up; to be intended by him other

than as an apt definition of the policy he would impress upon the

public mind;the principle for which he declares he has suffered

so much; and is ready to suffer to the end。  And well may he

cling to that principle!  If he has any parental feeling; well

may he cling to it。  That principle is the only shred left of his

original Nebraska doctrine。  Under the Dred Scott decision

〃squatter sovereignty〃 squatted out of existence; tumbled down

like temporary scaffolding; like the mould at the foundry; served

through one blast; and fell back into loose sand; helped to carry

an election; and then was kicked to the winds。  His late joint

struggle with the Republicans; against the Lecompton

Constitution; involves nothing of the original Nebraska doctrine。

That struggle was made on a pointthe right of a people to make

their own constitutionupon which he and the Republicans have

never differed。



The several points of the Dred Scott decision; in connection with

Senator Douglas's 〃care not〃 policy; constitute the piece of

machinery; in its present state of advancement。  This was the

third point gained。  The working points of that machinery are:



Firstly; That no negro slave; imported as such from Africa; and

no descendant of such slave; can ever be a citizen of any State;

in the sense of that term as used in the Constitution of the

United States。  This point is made in order to deprive the negro;

in every possible event; of the benefit of that provision of the

United States Constitution which declares that 〃The citizens of

each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of

citizens in the several States。〃



Secondly; That; 〃subject to the Constitution of the United

States;〃 neither Congress nor a Territorial Legislature can

exclude slavery from any United States Territory。  This point is

made in order that individual men may fill up the Territories

with slaves; without danger of losing them as property; and thus

to enhance the chances of permanency to the institution through

all the future。



Thirdly; That whether the holding a negro in actual slavery in a

free State makes him free

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