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It¡¡is¡¡not¡¡inapposite¡¡to¡¡compare¡¡what¡¡Mr¡£¡¡Tylor¡¡has¡¡mentioned¡¡concerning¡¡the¡¡rude¡¡Kukis¡¡of¡¡Southern¡¡Asia¡£¡¡¡¨If¡¡a¡¡tiger¡¡killed¡¡a¡¡Kuki£»¡¡his¡¡family¡¡were¡¡in¡¡disgrace¡¡till¡¡they¡¡had¡¡retaliated¡¡by¡¡killing¡¡and¡¡eating¡¡this¡¡tiger£»¡¡or¡¡another£»¡¡but¡¡further£»¡¡if¡¡a¡¡man¡¡was¡¡killed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡fall¡¡from¡¡a¡¡tree£»¡¡his¡¡relatives¡¡would¡¡take¡¡their¡¡revenge¡¡by¡¡cutting¡¡the¡¡tree¡¡down£»¡¡and¡¡scattering¡¡it¡¡in¡¡chips¡£¡¨¡¡/5/

To¡¡return¡¡to¡¡the¡¡English£»¡¡the¡¡later¡¡laws£»¡¡from¡¡about¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡years¡¡after¡¡Alfred¡¡down¡¡to¡¡the¡¡collection¡¡known¡¡as¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡Henry¡¡I£»¡¡compiled¡¡long¡¡after¡¡the¡¡Conquest£»¡¡£§20£§¡¡increase¡¡the¡¡lord's¡¡liability¡¡for¡¡his¡¡household£»¡¡and¡¡make¡¡him¡¡surety¡¡for¡¡his¡¡men's¡¡good¡¡conduct¡£¡¡If¡¡they¡¡incur¡¡a¡¡fine¡¡to¡¡the¡¡king¡¡and¡¡run¡¡away£»¡¡the¡¡lord¡¡has¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡it¡¡unless¡¡he¡¡can¡¡clear¡¡himself¡¡of¡¡complicity¡£¡¡But¡¡I¡¡cannot¡¡say¡¡that¡¡I¡¡find¡¡until¡¡a¡¡later¡¡period¡¡the¡¡unlimited¡¡liability¡¡of¡¡master¡¡for¡¡servant¡¡which¡¡was¡¡worked¡¡out¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Continent£»¡¡both¡¡by¡¡the¡¡German¡¡tribes¡¡and¡¡at¡¡Rome¡£¡¡Whether¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡when¡¡established¡¡was¡¡an¡¡indigenous¡¡growth£»¡¡or¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡last¡¡step¡¡was¡¡taken¡¡under¡¡the¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡law£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡Bracton¡¡made¡¡great¡¡use£»¡¡I¡¡cannot¡¡say¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡enough¡¡that¡¡the¡¡soil¡¡was¡¡ready¡¡for¡¡it£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡it¡¡took¡¡root¡¡at¡¡an¡¡early¡¡day¡£¡¡/1/¡¡This¡¡is¡¡all¡¡that¡¡need¡¡be¡¡said¡¡here¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡the¡¡liability¡¡of¡¡a¡¡master¡¡for¡¡the¡¡misdeeds¡¡of¡¡his¡¡servants¡£

It¡¡is¡¡next¡¡to¡¡be¡¡shown¡¡what¡¡became¡¡of¡¡the¡¡principle¡¡as¡¡applied¡¡to¡¡animals¡£¡¡Nowadays¡¡a¡¡man¡¡is¡¡bound¡¡at¡¡his¡¡peril¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡his¡¡cattle¡¡from¡¡trespassing£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡is¡¡liable¡¡for¡¡damage¡¡done¡¡by¡¡his¡¡dog¡¡or¡¡by¡¡any¡¡fierce¡¡animal£»¡¡if¡¡he¡¡has¡¡notice¡¡of¡¡a¡¡tendency¡¡in¡¡the¡¡brute¡¡to¡¡do¡¡the¡¡harm¡¡complained¡¡of¡£¡¡The¡¡question¡¡is¡¡whether¡¡any¡¡connection¡¡can¡¡be¡¡established¡¡between¡¡these¡¡very¡¡sensible¡¡and¡¡intelligible¡¡rules¡¡of¡¡modern¡¡law¡¡and¡¡the¡¡surrender¡¡directed¡¡by¡¡King¡¡Alfred¡£

Let¡¡us¡¡turn¡¡to¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡books¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Scotch¡¡law£»¡¡where¡¡the¡¡old¡¡principle¡¡still¡¡appears¡¡in¡¡full¡¡force¡¡and¡¡is¡¡stated¡¡with¡¡its¡¡reasons¡¡as¡¡then¡¡understood£»¡¡/2/

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¡¨Bot¡¡it¡¡is¡¡otherwise¡¡of¡¡ane¡¡tame¡¡and¡¡dantoned¡¡horse£»¡¡gif¡¡any¡¡man¡¡fulishlie¡¡rides£»¡¡and¡¡be¡¡sharp¡¡spurres¡¡compelles¡¡his¡¡horse¡¡to¡¡take¡¡the¡¡water£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡man¡¡drownes£»¡¡the¡¡horse¡¡sould¡¡not¡¡be¡¡escheit£»¡¡for¡¡that¡¡comes¡¡be¡¡the¡¡mans¡¡fault¡¡or¡¡trespasse£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡of¡¡the¡¡horse£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡man¡¡has¡¡receaved¡¡his¡¡punishment£»¡¡in¡¡sa¡¡farre¡¡as¡¡he¡¡is¡¡perished¡¡and¡¡dead£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡horse¡¡quha¡¡did¡¡na¡¡fault£»¡¡sould¡¡not¡¡be¡¡escheit¡£

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¡¨The¡¡Forme¡¡and¡¡Maner¡¡of¡¡Baron¡¡Courts¡¨¡¡continues¡¡as¡¡follows£º¡¡

¡¨It¡¡is¡¡to¡¡witt£»¡¡that¡¡this¡¡question¡¡is¡¡asked¡¡in¡¡the¡¡law£»¡¡Gif¡¡ane¡¡lord¡¡hes¡¡ane¡¡milne£»¡¡and¡¡any¡¡man¡¡fall¡¡in¡¡the¡¡damne£»¡¡and¡¡be¡¡borne¡¡down¡¡with¡¡the¡¡water¡¡quhill¡¡he¡¡comes¡¡to¡¡the¡¡quheill£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡be¡¡slaine¡¡to¡¡death¡¡with¡¡the¡¡quheill£»¡¡quhither¡¡aught¡¡the¡¡milne¡¡to¡¡be¡¡eseheir¡¡or¡¡not£¿¡¡The¡¡law¡¡sayes¡¡thereto¡¡nay£»¡¡and¡¡be¡¡this¡¡reason£»¡¡For¡¡it¡¡is¡¡ane¡¡dead¡¡thing£»¡¡and¡¡ane¡¡dead¡¡thing¡¡may¡¡do¡¡na¡¡fellony£»¡¡nor¡¡be¡¡made¡¡escheit¡¡throw¡¡their¡¡gilt¡£¡¡Swa¡¡the¡¡milne¡¡in¡¡this¡¡case¡¡is¡¡not¡¡culpable£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡law¡¡it¡¡is¡¡lawfull¡¡to¡¡the¡¡lord¡¡of¡¡the¡¡land¡¡to¡¡haue¡¡ane¡¡mylne¡¡on¡¡his¡¡awin¡¡water¡¡quhere¡¡best¡¡likes¡¡him¡£¡¨¡¡/2/

The¡¡reader¡¡will¡¡see¡¡in¡¡this¡¡passage£»¡¡as¡¡has¡¡been¡¡remarked¡¡already¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Roman¡¡law£»¡¡that¡¡a¡¡distinction¡¡is¡¡taken¡¡between¡¡things¡¡which¡¡are¡¡capable¡¡of¡¡guilt¡¡and¡¡those¡¡which¡¡£§22£§¡¡are¡¡not£»between¡¡living¡¡and¡¡dead¡¡things£»¡¡but¡¡he¡¡will¡¡also¡¡see¡¡that¡¡no¡¡difficulty¡¡was¡¡felt¡¡in¡¡treating¡¡animals¡¡as¡¡guilty¡£

Take¡¡next¡¡an¡¡early¡¡passage¡¡of¡¡the¡¡English¡¡law£»¡¡a¡¡report¡¡of¡¡what¡¡was¡¡laid¡¡down¡¡by¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡English¡¡judges¡£¡¡In¡¡1333¡¡it¡¡was¡¡stated¡¡for¡¡law£»¡¡that£»¡¡¡¨if¡¡my¡¡dog¡¡kills¡¡your¡¡sheep£»¡¡and¡¡I£»¡¡freshly¡¡after¡¡the¡¡fact£»¡¡tender¡¡you¡¡the¡¡dog£»¡¡you¡¡are¡¡without¡¡recovery¡¡against¡¡me¡£¡¨¡¡/l¡¡/¡¡More¡¡than¡¡three¡¡centuries¡¡later£»¡¡in¡¡1676£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡said¡¡by¡¡Twisden£»¡¡J¡£¡¡that£»¡¡¡¨if¡¡one¡¡hath¡¡kept¡¡a¡¡tame¡¡fox£»¡¡which¡¡gets¡¡loose¡¡and¡¡grows¡¡wild£»¡¡he¡¡that¡¡hath¡¡kept¡¡him¡¡before¡¡shall¡¡not¡¡answer¡¡for¡¡the¡¡damage¡¡the¡¡fox¡¡doth¡¡after¡¡he¡¡hath¡¡lost¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡hath¡¡resumed¡¡his¡¡wild¡¡nature¡£¡¨¡¡/2/¡¡It¡¡is¡¡at¡¡least¡¡doubtful¡¡whether¡¡that¡¡sentence¡¡ever¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡written¡¡but¡¡for¡¡the¡¡lingering¡¡influence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡notion¡¡that¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡of¡¡the¡¡owner's¡¡liability¡¡was¡¡his¡¡ownership¡¡of¡¡the¡¡offending£º¡¡thing¡¡and¡¡his¡¡failure¡¡to¡¡surrender¡¡it¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡fox¡¡escaped£»¡¡by¡¡another¡¡principle¡¡of¡¡law¡¡the¡¡ownership¡¡was¡¡at¡¡an¡¡end¡£¡¡In¡¡fact£»¡¡that¡¡very¡¡consideration¡¡was¡¡seriously¡¡pressed¡¡in¡¡England¡¡as¡¡late¡¡as¡¡1846£»¡¡with¡¡regard¡¡to¡¡a¡¡monkey¡¡which¡¡escaped¡¡and¡¡bit¡¡the¡¡plaintiff£»¡¡/3/¡¡So¡¡it¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡be¡¡a¡¡reasonable¡¡conjecture£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡this¡¡way¡¡of¡¡thinking¡¡which¡¡1ed¡¡Lord¡¡Holt£»¡¡near¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡last¡¡century£»¡¡to¡¡intimate¡¡that¡¡one¡¡ground¡¡on¡¡which¡¡a¡¡man¡¡is¡¡bound¡¡at¡¡his¡¡peril¡¡to¡¡restrain¡¡cattle¡¡from¡¡trespassing¡¡is¡¡that¡¡he¡¡has¡¡valuable¡¡property¡¡in¡¡such¡¡animals£»¡¡whereas¡¡he¡¡has¡¡not¡¡dogs£»¡¡for¡¡which¡¡his¡¡responsibility¡¡is¡¡less¡£¡¡/4/¡¡To¡¡this¡¡day£»¡¡in¡¡fact£»¡¡cautious¡¡judges¡¡state¡¡the¡¡law¡¡as¡¡to¡¡cattle¡¡to¡¡be£»¡¡that£»¡¡¡¨if¡¡I¡¡am¡¡the¡¡owner¡¡of¡¡an¡¡animal¡¡in¡¡which¡¡by¡¡law¡¡the¡¡£§23£§¡¡right¡¡of¡¡property¡¡can¡¡exist£»¡¡I¡¡am¡¡bound¡¡to¡¡take¡¡care¡¡that¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡stray¡¡into¡¡the¡¡land¡¡of¡¡my¡¡neighbor¡£¡¨¡¡/1/

I¡¡do¡¡not¡¡mean¡¡that¡¡our¡¡modern¡¡law¡¡on¡¡this¡¡subject¡¡is¡¡only¡¡a¡¡survival£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡only¡¡change¡¡from¡¡primitive¡¡notions¡¡was¡¡to¡¡substitute¡¡the¡¡owner¡¡for¡¡the¡¡offending¡¡animal¡£¡¡For¡¡although¡¡it¡¡is¡¡probable¡¡that¡¡the¡¡early¡¡law¡¡was¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡which¡¡led¡¡to¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡doctrine£»¡¡there¡¡has¡¡been¡¡too¡¡much¡¡good¡¡sense¡¡in¡¡every¡¡stage¡¡of¡¡our¡¡law¡¡to¡¡adopt¡¡any¡¡such¡¡sweeping¡¡consequences¡¡as¡¡would¡¡follow¡¡from¡¡the¡¡wholesale¡¡transfer¡¡of¡¡liability¡¡supposed¡£¡¡An¡¡owner¡¡is¡¡not¡¡bound¡¡at¡¡his¡¡peril¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡his¡¡cattle¡¡from¡¡harming¡¡his¡¡neighbor's¡¡person¡£¡¡/2/¡¡And¡¡in¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡earliest¡¡instances¡¡of¡¡personal¡¡liability£»¡¡even¡¡for¡¡trespass¡¡on¡¡a¡¡neighbor's¡¡land£»¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡the¡¡owner's¡¡negligence¡£¡¡/3/

It¡¡is¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡of¡¡those¡¡animals¡¡which¡¡the¡¡common¡¡law¡¡recognizes¡¡as¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡ownership¡¡to¡¡stray£»¡¡and¡¡when¡¡straying¡¡to¡¡do¡¡damage¡¡by¡¡trampling¡¡down¡¡and¡¡eating¡¡crops¡£¡¡At¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡it¡¡is¡¡usual¡¡and¡¡easy¡¡to¡¡restrain¡¡them¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡a¡¡dog£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡not¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡of¡¡property£»¡¡does¡¡no¡¡harm¡¡by¡¡simply¡¡crossing¡¡the¡¡land¡¡of¡¡others¡¡than¡¡its¡¡owner¡£¡¡Hence¡¡to¡¡this¡¡extent¡¡the¡¡new¡¡law¡¡might¡¡have¡¡followed¡¡the¡¡old¡£¡¡The¡¡right¡¡of¡¡property¡¡in¡¡the¡¡£§24£§¡¡offending¡¡animal£»¡¡which¡¡was¡¡the¡¡ancient¡¡ground¡¡of¡¡responsibility£»¡¡might¡¡have¡¡been¡¡adopted¡¡safely¡¡enough¡¡as¡¡the¡¡test¡¡of¡¡a¡¡liability¡¡based¡¡on¡¡the¡¡fault¡¡of¡¡the¡¡owner¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡responsibility¡¡for¡¡damage¡¡of¡¡a¡¡kind¡¡not¡¡to¡¡be¡¡expected¡¡from¡¡such¡¡animals¡¡is¡¡determined¡¡on¡¡grounds¡¡of¡¡policy¡¡comparatively¡¡little¡¡disturbed¡¡by¡¡tradition¡£¡¡The¡¡development¡¡of¡¡personal¡¡liability¡¡for¡¡fierce¡¡wild¡¡animals¡¡at¡¡Rome¡¡has¡¡been¡¡explained¡£¡¡Our¡¡law¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡followed¡¡the¡¡Roman¡£

We¡¡will¡¡now¡¡follow¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡that¡¡branch¡¡of¡¡the¡¡primitive¡¡notion¡¡which¡¡was¡¡least¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡survive£»the¡¡liability¡¡of¡¡inanimate¡¡things¡£

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