Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the common law >

µÚ30½Ú

the common law-µÚ30½Ú

С˵£º the common law ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



n¡¡a¡¡word£»¡¡this¡¡procedure£»¡¡modelled¡¡on¡¡the¡¡self¡­redress¡¡natural¡¡to¡¡the¡¡case¡¡which¡¡gave¡¡rise¡¡to¡¡it£»¡¡was¡¡the¡¡only¡¡remedy£»¡¡was¡¡confined¡¡to¡¡the¡¡man¡¡in¡¡possession£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡not¡¡open¡¡to¡¡the¡¡owner¡¡unless¡¡he¡¡was¡¡that¡¡man¡£

To¡¡this¡¡primitive¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡society¡¡has¡¡been¡¡traced¡¡a¡¡rule¡¡which¡¡maintained¡¡itself¡¡to¡¡later¡¡times¡¡and¡¡a¡¡more¡¡civilized¡¡procedure£»¡¡that£»¡¡if¡¡chattels¡¡were¡¡intrusted¡¡by¡¡their¡¡owner¡¡to¡¡another¡¡person£»¡¡the¡¡bailee£»¡¡and¡¡not¡¡the¡¡bailor£»¡¡was¡¡the¡¡proper¡¡party¡¡to¡¡sue¡¡for¡¡their¡¡wrongful¡¡appropriation¡¡by¡¡a¡¡third¡£¡¡It¡¡followed¡¡that¡¡if¡¡the¡¡bailee£»¡¡or¡¡person¡¡£§167£§¡¡so¡¡intrusted£»¡¡sold¡¡or¡¡gave¡¡the¡¡goods¡¡in¡¡his¡¡charge¡¡to¡¡another£»¡¡the¡¡owner¡¡could¡¡only¡¡look¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bailee£»¡¡and¡¡could¡¡not¡¡sue¡¡the¡¡stranger£»¡¡not¡¡from¡¡any¡¡principle¡¡in¡¡favor¡¡of¡¡trade£»¡¡intended¡¡to¡¡protect¡¡those¡¡who¡¡bought¡¡in¡¡good¡¡faith¡¡from¡¡parties¡¡in¡¡possession£»¡¡but¡¡because¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡form¡¡of¡¡action¡¡known¡¡which¡¡was¡¡open¡¡to¡¡him¡£¡¡But¡¡as¡¡the¡¡remedies¡¡were¡¡all¡¡in¡¡the¡¡bailee's¡¡hands£»¡¡it¡¡also¡¡followed¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡bound¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡his¡¡bailor¡¡harmless¡£¡¡If¡¡the¡¡goods¡¡were¡¡lost£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡no¡¡excuse¡¡that¡¡they¡¡were¡¡stolen¡¡without¡¡his¡¡fault¡£¡¡He¡¡alone¡¡could¡¡recover¡¡the¡¡lost¡¡property£»¡¡and¡¡therefore¡¡he¡¡was¡¡bound¡¡to¡¡do¡¡so¡£

In¡¡the¡¡course¡¡of¡¡time¡¡this¡¡reason¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡exist¡£¡¡An¡¡owner¡¡out¡¡of¡¡possession¡¡could¡¡sue¡¡the¡¡wrongful¡¡taker¡¡of¡¡his¡¡property£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡one¡¡who¡¡had¡¡possession¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡strict¡¡liability¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bailee¡¡remained£»¡¡as¡¡such¡¡rules¡¡do¡¡remain¡¡in¡¡the¡¡law£»¡¡long¡¡after¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡which¡¡gave¡¡rise¡¡to¡¡it¡¡had¡¡disappeared£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡length¡¡we¡¡find¡¡cause¡¡and¡¡effect¡¡inverted¡£¡¡We¡¡read¡¡in¡¡Beaumanoir¡¡£¨A¡£D¡£¡¡1283£©¡¡that£»¡¡if¡¡a¡¡hired¡¡thing¡¡is¡¡stolen£»¡¡the¡¡suit¡¡belongs¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bailee£»¡¡because¡¡he¡¡is¡¡answerable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡person¡¡from¡¡whom¡¡he¡¡hired¡£¡¡/1/¡¡At¡¡first¡¡the¡¡bailee¡¡was¡¡answerable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡owner£»¡¡because¡¡he¡¡was¡¡the¡¡only¡¡person¡¡who¡¡could¡¡sue¡£¡¡Now¡¡it¡¡was¡¡said¡¡he¡¡could¡¡sue¡¡because¡¡he¡¡was¡¡answerable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡owner¡£

All¡¡the¡¡above¡¡peculiarities¡¡reappear¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Anglo¡­Norman¡¡law£»¡¡and¡¡from¡¡that¡¡day¡¡to¡¡this¡¡all¡¡kinds¡¡of¡¡bailees¡¡have¡¡been¡¡treated¡¡as¡¡having¡¡possession¡¡in¡¡a¡¡legal¡¡sense£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡presently¡¡show¡£

It¡¡is¡¡desirable¡¡to¡¡prove¡¡the¡¡native¡¡origin¡¡of¡¡our¡¡law¡¡of¡¡bailment£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡that£»¡¡when¡¡theory¡¡comes¡¡to¡¡be¡¡considered£»¡¡modern¡¡German¡¡opinion¡¡may¡¡not¡¡be¡¡valued¡¡at¡¡more¡¡than¡¡its¡¡true¡¡worth¡£¡¡The¡¡only¡¡existing¡¡theories¡¡on¡¡£§168£§¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡come¡¡from¡¡Germany¡£¡¡The¡¡German¡¡philosophers¡¡who¡¡have¡¡written¡¡upon¡¡law¡¡have¡¡known¡¡no¡¡other¡¡system¡¡than¡¡the¡¡Roman£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡German¡¡lawyers¡¡who¡¡have¡¡philosophized¡¡have¡¡been¡¡professors¡¡of¡¡Roman¡¡law¡£¡¡Some¡¡rules¡¡which¡¡we¡¡think¡¡clear¡¡are¡¡against¡¡what¡¡the¡¡German¡¡civilians¡¡would¡¡regard¡¡as¡¡first¡¡principles¡£¡¡To¡¡test¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡those¡¡principles£»¡¡or¡¡at¡¡least¡¡to¡¡prevent¡¡the¡¡hasty¡¡assumption¡¡that¡¡they¡¡are¡¡universal£»¡¡toward¡¡which¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡slight¡¡tendency¡¡among¡¡English¡¡writers£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡well¡¡to¡¡realize¡¡that¡¡we¡¡are¡¡dealing¡¡with¡¡a¡¡new¡¡system£»¡¡of¡¡which¡¡philosophy¡¡has¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡taken¡¡account¡£

In¡¡the¡¡first¡¡place£»¡¡we¡¡find¡¡an¡¡action¡¡to¡¡recover¡¡stolen¡¡property£»¡¡which£»¡¡like¡¡the¡¡Salic¡¡procedure£»¡¡was¡¡based¡¡on¡¡possession£»¡¡not¡¡on¡¡title¡£¡¡Bracton¡¡says¡¡that¡¡one¡¡may¡¡sue¡¡for¡¡his¡¡chattel¡¡as¡¡stolen£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡testimony¡¡of¡¡good¡¡men£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡it¡¡does¡¡not¡¡matter¡¡whether¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡thus¡¡taken¡¡was¡¡his¡¡own¡¡property¡¡or¡¡another's£»¡¡provided¡¡it¡¡was¡¡in¡¡his¡¡custody¡£¡¡/1/

The¡¡point¡¡of¡¡especial¡¡importance£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡remembered£»¡¡was¡¡the¡¡oath¡£¡¡The¡¡oath¡¡of¡¡the¡¡probi¡¡homines¡¡would¡¡seem¡¡from¡¡the¡¡letter¡¡of¡¡Bracton¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡that¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡was¡¡lost¡¡£¨adirata£©£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡we¡¡are¡¡expressly¡¡told¡¡was¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡in¡¡a¡¡report¡¡of¡¡the¡¡year¡¡1294¡£¡¨¡¡Note¡¡that¡¡where¡¡a¡¡man's¡¡chattel¡¡is¡¡lost¡¡£¨ou¡¡la¡¡chosse¡¡de¡¡un¡¡home¡¡est¡¡endire£©£»¡¡he¡¡may¡¡count¡¡that¡¡he¡¡£§the¡¡finder£§¡¡tortiously¡¡detains¡¡it£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡and¡¡tortiously¡¡for¡¡this¡¡that¡¡whereas¡¡he¡¡lost¡¡the¡¡said¡¡thing¡¡on¡¡such¡¡a¡¡day£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡he¡¡£§the¡¡loser£§¡¡came¡¡on¡¡such¡¡a¡¡day£»¡¡&c¡£¡¡£§169£§¡¡£¨la¡¡vynt¡¡yl¡¡e¡¡en¡¡jour£©£»¡¡and¡¡found¡¡it¡¡in¡¡the¡¡house¡¡of¡¡such¡¡an¡¡one£»¡¡and¡¡told¡¡him£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡and¡¡prayed¡¡him¡¡to¡¡restore¡¡the¡¡Sing£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡he¡¡would¡¡not¡¡restore¡¡it£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡to¡¡his¡¡damage£»¡¡&c¡££»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡he£»¡¡&c¡£¡¡In¡¡this¡¡case£»¡¡the¡¡demandant¡¡must¡¡prove¡¡£¨his¡¡own¡¡hand¡¡the¡¡twelfth£©¡¡that¡¡he¡¡lost¡¡the¡¡thing¡£¡¨¡¡/1/

Assuming¡¡that¡¡as¡¡the¡¡first¡¡step¡¡we¡¡find¡¡a¡¡procedure¡¡kindred¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡early¡¡German¡¡folk¡­laws£»¡¡the¡¡more¡¡important¡¡question¡¡is¡¡whether¡¡we¡¡find¡¡any¡¡principles¡¡similar¡¡to¡¡those¡¡which¡¡have¡¡just¡¡been¡¡explained¡£¡¡One¡¡of¡¡these£»¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡remembered£»¡¡concerned¡¡wrongful¡¡transfer¡¡by¡¡the¡¡bailee¡£¡¡We¡¡find¡¡it¡¡laid¡¡down¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Year¡¡Books¡¡that£»¡¡if¡¡I¡¡deliver¡¡goods¡¡to¡¡a¡¡bailee¡¡to¡¡keep¡¡for¡¡me£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡sells¡¡or¡¡gives¡¡them¡¡to¡¡a¡¡stranger£»¡¡the¡¡property¡¡is¡¡vested¡¡in¡¡the¡¡stranger¡¡by¡¡the¡¡gift£»¡¡and¡¡I¡¡cannot¡¡maintain¡¡trespass¡¡against¡¡him£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡I¡¡have¡¡a¡¡good¡¡remedy¡¡against¡¡the¡¡bailee¡¡by¡¡writ¡¡of¡¡detinue¡¡£¨for¡¡his¡¡failure¡¡to¡¡return¡¡the¡¡goods£©¡£¡¡/2/¡¡These¡¡cases¡¡have¡¡been¡¡understood£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡would¡¡seem¡¡on¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡rightly£»¡¡not¡¡merely¡¡to¡¡deny¡¡trespass¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bailor£»¡¡but¡¡any¡¡action¡¡whatever¡£¡¡Modern¡¡writers¡¡have¡¡added£»¡¡however£»¡¡the¡¡characteristically¡¡modern¡¡qualification£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡purchase¡¡must¡¡be¡¡bona¡¡fide£»¡¡and¡¡without¡¡notice¡£¡¡/3/¡¡It¡¡may¡¡be¡¡answered£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡proposition¡¡extends¡¡to¡¡gifts¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡to¡¡sales¡¡by¡¡the¡¡bailee£»¡¡that¡¡there¡¡is¡¡no¡¡such¡¡condition¡¡in¡¡the¡¡old¡¡books£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡contrary¡¡to¡¡the¡¡spirit¡¡of¡¡the¡¡strict¡¡doctrines¡¡of¡¡the¡¡common¡¡law¡¡to¡¡read¡¡it¡¡in¡£¡¡No¡¡lawyer¡¡needs¡¡to¡¡be¡¡told¡¡that£»¡¡even¡¡so¡¡qualified£»¡¡this¡¡is¡¡no¡¡£§170£§¡¡longer¡¡the¡¡law¡£¡¡/1/¡¡The¡¡doctrine¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Year¡¡Books¡¡must¡¡be¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡a¡¡survival¡¡from¡¡the¡¡primitive¡¡times¡¡when¡¡we¡¡have¡¡seen¡¡the¡¡same¡¡rule¡¡in¡¡force£»¡¡unless¡¡we¡¡are¡¡prepared¡¡to¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fifteenth¡¡century¡¡they¡¡had¡¡a¡¡nicer¡¡feeling¡¡for¡¡the¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡bona¡¡fide¡¡purchasers¡¡than¡¡at¡¡present¡£

The¡¡next¡¡point¡¡in¡¡logical¡¡order¡¡would¡¡be¡¡the¡¡degree¡¡of¡¡responsibility¡¡to¡¡which¡¡the¡¡bailee¡¡was¡¡held¡¡as¡¡towards¡¡his¡¡bailor¡¡who¡¡intrusted¡¡him¡£¡¡But¡¡for¡¡convenience¡¡I¡¡will¡¡consider¡¡first¡¡the¡¡explanation¡¡which¡¡was¡¡given¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bailee's¡¡right¡¡of¡¡action¡¡against¡¡third¡¡persons¡¡wrongfully¡¡taking¡¡the¡¡goods¡¡from¡¡his¡¡possession¡£¡¡The¡¡inverted¡¡explanation¡¡of¡¡Beaumanoir¡¡will¡¡be¡¡remembered£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡bailee¡¡could¡¡sue¡¡because¡¡he¡¡was¡¡answerable¡¡over£»¡¡in¡¡place¡¡of¡¡the¡¡original¡¡rule£»¡¡that¡¡he¡¡was¡¡answerable¡¡over¡¡so¡¡strictly¡¡because¡¡only¡¡he¡¡could¡¡sue¡£¡¡We¡¡find¡¡the¡¡same¡¡reasoning¡¡often¡¡repeated¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Year¡¡Books£»¡¡and£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡from¡¡that¡¡day¡¡to¡¡this¡¡it¡¡has¡¡always¡¡been¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡commonplaces¡¡of¡¡the¡¡law¡£¡¡Thus¡¡Hankford£»¡¡then¡¡a¡¡judge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Common¡¡Bench£»¡¡says¡¡£¨circa¡¡A¡£D¡£¡¡1410£©£»¡¡/2/¡¡¡¨If¡¡a¡¡stranger¡¡takes¡¡beasts¡¡in¡¡my¡¡custody£»¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡have¡¡a¡¡writ¡¡of¡¡trespass¡¡against¡¡him£»¡¡and¡¡shall¡¡recover¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡the¡¡beasts£»¡¡because¡¡I¡¡am¡¡chargeable¡¡for¡¡the¡¡beasts¡¡to¡¡my¡¡bailor£»¡¡who¡¡has¡¡the¡¡property¡£¡¨¡¡There¡¡are¡¡cases¡¡in¡¡which¡¡this¡¡reasoning¡¡was¡¡pushed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡conclusion£»¡¡that¡¡if£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡the¡¡trust£»¡¡the¡¡bailee¡¡was¡¡not¡¡answerable¡¡for¡¡the¡¡goods¡¡if¡¡stolen£»¡¡he¡¡would¡¡not¡¡have¡¡an¡¡action¡¡against¡¡the¡¡thief¡£¡¡/3/¡¡The¡¡same¡¡explanation¡¡is¡¡repeated¡¡to¡¡this¡¡day¡£¡¡Thus¡¡we¡¡read¡¡in¡¡a¡¡well¡­¡¡known¡¡textbook£»¡¡£§171£§¡¡¡¨For¡¡the¡¡bailee¡¡being¡¡responsible¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bailor£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡goods¡¡be¡¡lost¡¡or¡¡damaged¡¡by¡¡negligence£»¡¡or¡¡if¡¡he¡¡do¡¡not¡¡deliver¡¡them¡¡up¡¡on¡¡lawful¡¡demand£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡therefore¡¡reasonable¡¡that¡¡he¡¡should¡¡have¡¡a¡¡right¡¡of¡¡action£»¡¨¡¡&c¡£¡¡/1/¡¡In¡¡general£»¡¡nowadays£»¡¡a¡¡borrower¡¡or¡¡hirer¡¡of¡¡property¡¡is¡¡not¡¡answerable¡¡if¡¡it¡¡is¡¡taken¡¡from¡¡him¡¡against¡¡his¡¡will£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡the¡¡reason¡¡offered¡¡were¡¡a¡¡true¡¡one£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡follow¡¡that£»¡¡as¡¡he¡¡was¡¡not¡¡answerable¡¡over£»¡¡he¡¡could¡¡not¡¡sue¡¡the¡¡wrong¡­doer¡£¡¡It¡¡would¡¡only¡¡be¡¡necessary¡¡for¡¡the¡¡wrong¡­doer¡¡to¡¡commit¡¡a¡¡wrong¡¡so¡¡gross¡¡as¡¡to¡¡free¡¡the¡¡bailee¡¡from¡¡responsibility£»¡¡in¡¡order¡¡to¡¡deprive¡¡him¡¡of¡¡his¡¡right¡¡of¡¡action¡£¡¡The¡¡truth¡¡is£»¡¡that¡¡any¡¡person¡¡in¡¡possession£»¡¡whether¡¡intrusted¡¡and¡¡answerable¡¡over¡¡or¡¡not£»¡¡a¡¡finder¡¡of¡¡property¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡a¡¡bailee£»¡¡can¡¡sue¡¡any¡¡one¡¡except¡¡the¡¡true¡¡owner¡¡for¡¡interfering¡¡with¡¡his¡¡possession£»¡¡as¡¡will¡¡be¡¡shown¡¡more¡¡particularly¡¡at¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡the¡¡next¡¡Lecture¡£

The¡¡bailor¡¡also¡¡obtained¡¡a¡¡right¡¡of¡¡action¡¡against¡¡the¡¡wrong¡­doer¡¡at¡¡a¡¡pretty¡¡early¡¡date¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡laid¡¡down¡¡by¡¡counsel¡¡in¡¡48¡¡Edward¡¡III¡££»¡¡/2/¡¡in¡¡an¡¡action¡¡of¡¡trespass¡¡by¡¡an¡¡agister¡¡of¡¡cattle£»¡¡that£»¡¡¡¨in¡¡this¡¡case£»¡¡he¡¡who¡¡has¡¡the¡¡property¡¡may¡¡have¡¡a¡¡writ¡¡of¡¡trespass£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡who¡¡has¡¡the¡¡custody¡¡another¡¡writ¡¡of¡¡trespass¡£¡¡Persay£º¡¡Sir£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡true¡£¡¡But¡¡£§172£§¡¡he¡¡who¡¡recovers¡¡first¡¡shall¡¡oust¡¡the¡¡other¡¡of¡¡the¡¡action£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡it¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡in¡¡many¡¡cases£»¡¡as¡¡if¡¡tenant¡¡by¡¡elegit¡¡is¡¡ousted£»¡¡each¡¡shall¡¡have¡¡the¡¡assize£»¡¡and£»¡¡if¡¡the¡¡one¡¡recover¡¡first£»¡¡the¡¡writ¡¡of¡¡the¡¡other¡¡is¡¡abated£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡here¡£¡¨

It¡¡would¡¡seem¡¡from¡¡other¡¡books¡¡that¡¡this¡¡was¡¡spoken¡¡of¡¡bailments¡¡generally£»¡¡and¡¡was¡¡not¡¡limited¡¡to¡¡those¡¡which¡¡are¡¡terminable¡¡at¡¡the¡¡pleasure¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bailor¡£¡¡Thus¡¡in¡¡22¡¡Edward¡¡IV¡££»¡¡counsel¡¡say£»¡¡¡¨If¡¡I¡¡bail¡¡to¡¡you¡¡my¡¡goods£»¡¡and¡¡another¡¡takes¡¡them¡¡out¡¡of¡¡your¡¡possession£»¡¡I¡¡shall¡¡have¡¡good¡¡action¡¡of¡¡trespass¡¡quare¡¡vi¡¡et¡¡armis¡£¡¨¡¡/1/¡¡And¡¡this¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡been¡¡Rolle's¡¡understanding¡¡in¡¡the¡¡passage¡¡usually¡¡relied¡¡on¡¡by¡¡modern¡¡courts¡£¡¡/2/

It¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡expected¡¡that¡¡some¡¡action¡¡should¡¡be¡¡given¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bailor¡¡as¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡the¡¡law¡¡had¡¡got¡¡machinery¡¡which¡¡could¡¡be¡¡worked¡¡without¡¡help¡¡from¡¡the¡¡fresh¡¡pursuit¡¡and¡¡armed¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡the¡¡possessor¡¡and¡¡his¡¡friends¡£¡¡To¡¡allow¡¡the¡¡bailor¡¡to¡¡sue£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡give¡¡him¡¡trespass£»¡¡were¡¡pretty¡¡nearly¡¡the¡¡same¡¡thing¡¡before¡¡the¡¡action¡¡on¡¡the¡¡case¡¡was¡¡heard¡¡of¡£¡¡Many¡¡early¡¡writs¡¡will¡¡be¡¡found¡¡which¡¡show¡¡that¡¡trespass¡¡had¡¡not¡¡always¡¡the¡¡clear¡¡outline¡¡which¡¡it¡¡developed¡¡later¡£¡¡The¡¡point¡¡which¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡be¡¡insisted¡¡on¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Year¡¡Books¡¡is£»¡¡as¡¡Brooke¡¡sums¡¡it¡¡up¡¡in¡¡the¡¡m

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ