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and the greater will be the speed at which the machine

may be moved。 On the other hand; the biplane has a

much greater plane surface (double that of a monoplane

of the same size) and consequently much greater weight…

carrying capacity。



Differences in Biplanes。



While all biplanes are of the same general construction

so far as the main planes are concerned; each aviator

has his own ideas as to the 〃rigging。〃



Wright; for instance; places a double horizontal rudder

in front; with a vertical rudder in the rear。 There

are no partitions between the main planes; and the

bicycle wheels used on other forms are replaced by skids。



Voisin; on the contrary; divides the main planes with

vertical partitions to increase stability in turning; uses

a single…plane horizontal rudder in front; and a big box…

tail with vertical rudder at the rear; also the bicycle

wheels。



Curtiss attaches horizontal stabilizing surfaces to the

upper plane; has a double horizontal rudder in front;

with a vertical rudder and horizontal stabilizing surfaces

in rear。 Also the bicycle wheel alighting gear。







CHAPTER V。



CONSTRUCTING A GLIDING MACHINE。



First decide upon the kind of a machine you want

monoplane; biplane; or triplane。 For a novice the biplane

will; as a rule; be found the most satisfactory as

it is more compact and therefore the more easily handled。

This will be easily understood when we realize that the

surface of a flying machine should be laid out in proportion

to the amount of weight it will have to sustain。

The generally accepted rule is that 152 square feet of

surface will sustain the weight of an average…sized man;

say 170 pounds。 Now it follows that if these 152 square

feet of surface are used in one plane; as in the monoplane;

the length and width of this plane must be greater

than if the same amount of surface is secured by using

two planesthe biplane。 This results in the biplane

being more compact and therefore more readily manipulated

than the monoplane; which is an important item

for a novice。



Glider the Basis of Success。



Flying machines without motors are called gliders。 In

making a flying machine you first construct the glider。

If you use it in this form it remains a glider。 If you

install a motor it becomes a flying machine。 You must

have a good glider as the basis of a successful flying

machine。



It will be well for the novice; the man who has never

had any experience as an aviator; to begin with a glider

and master its construction and operation before he

essays the more pretentious task of handling a fully…

equipped flying machine。 In fact; it is essential that he

should do so。



Plans for Handy Glider。



A glider with a spread (advancing edge) of 20 feet; and

a breadth or depth of 4 feet; will be about right to begin

with。 Two planes of this size will give the 152 square

yards of surface necessary to sustain a man's weight。

Remember that in referring to flying machine measurements

〃spread〃 takes the place of what would ordinarily

be called 〃length;〃 and invariably applies to the long

or advancing edge of the machine which cuts into the air。

Thus; a glider is spoken of as being 20 feet spread; and

4 feet in depth。 So far as mastering the control of the

machine is concerned; learning to balance one's self in

the air; guiding the machine in any desired direction by

changing the position of the body; etc。; all this may be

learned just as readily; and perhaps more so; with a 20…

foot glider than with a larger apparatus。



Kind of Material Required。



There are three all…important features in flying machine

construction; viz。: lightness; strength and extreme

rigidity。 Spruce is the wood generally used for glider

frames。 Oak; ash and hickory are all stronger; but they

are also considerably heavier; and where the saving of

weight is essential; the difference is largely in favor of

spruce。 This will be seen in the following table:



                Weight       Tensile          Compressive

             per cubic ft。   Strength           Strength

   Wood         in lbs。    lbs。 per sq。 in。   lbs。 per sq in。

Hickory           53           12;000          8;500

Oak               50           12;000          9;000

Ash               38           12;000          6;000

Walnut            38            8;000          6;000

Spruce            25            8;000          5;000

Pine              25            5;000          4;500





Considering the marked saving in weight spruce has

a greater percentage of tensile strength than any of the

other woods。 It is also easier to find in long; straight…

grained pieces free from knots; and it is this kind only

that should be used in flying machine construction。



You will next need some spools or hanks of No。 6

linen shoe thread; metal sockets; a supply of strong

piano wire; a quantity of closely…woven silk or cotton

cloth; glue; turnbuckles; varnish; etc。



Names of the Various Parts。



The long strips; four in number; which form the front

and rear edges of the upper and lower frames; are called

the horizontal beams。 These are each 20 feet in length。

These horizontal beams are connected by upright strips;

4 feet long; called stanchions。 There are usually 12 of

these; six on the front edge; and six on the rear。 They

serve to hold the upper plane away from the lower one。

Next comes the ribs。 These are 4 feet in length (projecting

for a foot over the rear beam); and while intended

principally as a support to the cloth covering of

the planes; also tend to hold the frame together in a

horizontal position just as the stanchions do in the vertical。

There are forty…one of these ribs; twenty…one on

the upper and twenty on the lower plane。 Then come

the struts; the main pieces which join the horizontal

beams。 All of these parts are shown in the illustrations;

reference to which will make the meaning of the

various names clear。



Quantity and Cost of Material。



For the horizontal beams four pieces of spruce; 20 feet

long; 1 1/2 inches wide and 3/4 inch thick are necessary。

These pieces must be straight…grain; and absolutely free

from knots。 If it is impossible to obtain clear pieces

of this length; shorter ones may be spliced; but this is

not advised as it adds materially to the weight。 The

twelve stanchions should be 4 feet long and 7/8 inch in

diameter and rounded in form so as to offer as little

resistance as possible to the wind。 The struts; there

are twelve of them; are 3 feet long by 11/4 x 1/2 inch。 For

a 20…foot biplane about 20 yards of stout silk or unbleached

muslin; of standard one yard width; will be

needed。 The forty…one ribs are each 4 feet long; and

1/2 inch square。 A roll of No。 12 piano wire; twenty…four

sockets; a package of small copper tacks; a pot of glue;

and similar accessories will be required。 The entire

cost of this material should not exceed 20。 The wood

and cloth will be the two largest items; and these should

not cost more than 10。 This leaves 10 for the varnish;

wire; tacks; glue; and other incidentals。 This estimate

is made for cost of materials only; it being taken for

granted that the experimenter will construct his own

glider。 Should the services of a carpenter be required

the total cost will probably approximate 60 or 70。



Application of the Rudders。



The figures given also include the expense of rudders;

but the details of these have not been included as the

glider is really complete without them。 Some of the best

flights the writer ever saw were made by Mr。 A。 M。 Herring in a

glider without a rudder; and yet there can

be no doubt that a rudder; properly proportioned and

placed; especially a rear rudder; is of great value to the

aviator as it keeps the machine with its head to the

wind; which is the only safe position for a novice。 For

initial educational purposes; however; a rudder is not

essential as the glides will; or should; be made on level

ground; in moderate; steady wind currents; and at a

modest elevation。 The addition of a rudder; therefore;

may well be left until the aviator has become reasonably

expert in the management of his machine。



Putting the Machine Together。



Having obtained the necessary material; the first move

is to have the rib pieces steamed and curved。 This curve

may be slight; about 2 inches for the 4 feet。 While

this is being done the other parts should be carefully

rounded so the square edges will be taken off。 This

may be done with sand paper。 Next apply a coat of

shellac; and when dry rub it down thoroughly with fine

sand paper。 When the ribs are curved treat them in

the same way。



Lay two of the long horizontal frame pieces on the

floor 3 feet apart。 Between these place six of the strut

pieces。 Put one at each end; and each 4 1/2 feet put

another; leaving a 2…foot space in the ce

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