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a。 m。 Friday; May 26。 Vedrines net flying time; all controls

and enforced stops subtracted; was 14h。 55m。 18s。 The various

prizes to the winner aggregated 30;000。



The Paris…Rome…Turin Race。The conditions of this race

called for a flight between the cities of Paris; Rome and

Turin; covering a distance of 1;300 miles。 The aviators were

permitted by the rules to alight whenever and wherever they

desired and the time limit was set from May 28 to June 15。

A prize of 100;000 was offered the winner; but the contest

was never finished; as one after another the aviators dropped

out until Frey fell near Roncigilione; France; breaking both

arms and legs and unofficially ending the contest。 There

were twenty…one entries and twelve actual starters。



International Speed Cup Race。The third annual international

James Gordon Bennett speed cup race was held at

Eastchurch; England; on July 1; 1911; and for the second

time was won by an American aviator; C。 T。 Weymann; in a

French racing aeroplane。 The distance was 150 kilometres

equivalent to 94 miles; and the winner's time of 1h。 11m。 36s。

showed an average speed of 78。77 miles per hour。 The first

race was held in 1909 and was won by Glenn Curtiss; who

flew the twenty kilometres (12。4 miles) in 15 minutes 50 2…5

seconds at an average speed of 47 miles per hour。 In 1910

the winner was Grahame…White; who covered 100 kilometres

(62 miles) at Belmont Park; L。 I。; in 60 minutes 47 3…5 seconds;

an average speed of 61。3 miles per hour。 In the 1911

race there were six starters: three from France; two from

Great Britain and one from the United States。



Milan to Turin to Milan Race。This race which was

started from Milan; Italy; on October 29; was restricted to

Italian aviators and had six starters。 The distance was

approximately 177 miles and won by Manissero in a Bleriot

machine in 3h。 16m。 2 4…5s。



New York to Philadelphia Race。The first intercity aeroplane

race ever held in the United States was started from

New York City on August 5; and finished in Philadelphia the

same day。 The prize of 5;000 was offered by a commercial

concern with stores in the two cities: Three entrants competed

from the Curtiss Exhibition Company。 The distance

was approximately 83 miles and won by L。 Beachey in a

Curtiss machine in 1h。 50m。 at an average speed of 45 miles

per hour。



Tri…State Race。The tri…state race was the feature event

of the Harvard Aviation Society meet held at Squantum;

Mass。; August 26 to September 6。 It was held Labor Day;

September 4; over a course of 174 miles; from Boston to

Nashua to Worcester to Providence to Boston。 Four competitors

started; of which two finished; the winner; E。 Ovington;

in a Bleriot machine。 Ovington's net flying time; 3h。 6m。

22 1…5s。 Winner's prize; 10;000。



AEROPLANES AND DIRIGIBLE BALLOONS IN WARFARE。



Wonderful progress has been made in the development of

the aeroplane in this country and in Europe since 1903; and

within the last two or three years the leading powers of the

world have entered upon extensive tests and experiments to

determine its availability and usefulness in land and naval

warfare。



At the present time all the great powers are building or

purchasing aeroplanes on an extensive scale。 They have

established government schools for the instruction of their

army and navy officers and for experimental work。 So…called

〃Airship Fleets〃 have been constructed and placed in commission

as auxiliaries to the armies and navies。 The fleets

of France and Germany are about equal and are larger by

far than those of any of the other powers。 The length of the

dirigibles composing these fleets runs from 150 to 500 feet;

they are equipped with engines of from 50 to 500 horse…power;

with a rate of speed ranging from 20 to 30 miles per hour。

Their approximate range is from 200 to 900 miles; the longest

actual run (made by the Zeppelin II; Germany) is 800 miles。



A British naval airship; one of the largest yet built; was

completed last summer。 It has cost over 200;000; and it was

in course of designing and construction two years。 It is 510

feet long; can carry 22 persons; and has a lift of 21 tons。



The relative value of the dirigible balloon and the aeroplane

in actual war is yet to be determined。 The dirigible

is considered to be the safer; yet several large balloons of this

class in Germany and France have met with disaster; involving

loss of lives。 The capacity of the dirigible for longer

flights and its superior facilities for carrying apparatus and

operators for wireless telegraphy are distinct advantages。



There has not yet been much opportunity to test the airship

in actual warfare。 The aeroplane has been used by the

Italians in Tripoli for scouting and reconnoitering and is said

to have justified expectations。 On several occasions the Italian

military aviators followed the movements of the enemy; in

one instance as far as forty miles inland。 At the time of the

attack by the Turks a skillful aeroplane reconnaissance revealed

the approach of a large Turkish force; believed to be at

the time sixty miles away in the mountains。



Aeroplanes and airships; as they exist today; would doubtless

render very valuable service in a time of war; both over

land and water; in scouting; reconnoitering; carrying dispatches;

and as some experts believe; in locating submarines

and mines placed by the enemy in channels of exits from ports。

A 〃coast aeroplane〃 could fly out 30 or 40 miles from land。

and rising to a great height; descry any hostile ships on the

distant horizon; observe their number; strength; formation and

direction; and return within two hours with a report to obtain

which would require several swift torpedo…boat destroyers

and a much greater time。 The question as to whether it

would be practicable to bombard an enemy on land or sea

with explosive bombs dropped or discharged from flying machines

or airships; is one which is much discussed but hardly

yet determined。



Aeroplanes have been constructed with floats in the place

of runners and several attempts have been made; in some

cases successfully; to light with them on and to rise from the

water。 Mr。 Curtiss did this at San Francisco; in January;

1911。 Attempts have also been made with the aeroplane to

alight on and to take flight from the deck of a warship。 Toward

the end of 1910 Aviator Ely flew to land from the

cruiser Birmingham; and in January; 1911; he flew from land

and alighted on the cruiser Pennsylvania。 But in these cases

special arrangements were made which would be hardly practicable

in a time of actual war。



In November; 1911; a test was made at Newport; R。 I。; by

Lieut。 Rodgers; of the navy; of a 〃hydro…areoplane〃 as an

auxiliary to a battleship。 The idea of the test was to alight

alongside of the ship; hoist the machine aboard; put out to sea

and launch the machine again with the use of a crane。 Lieut。

Rodgers came down smoothly alongside the Ohio; his machine

was easily drawn aboard with a crane; and the Ohio steamed

down to the open sea; where it was blowing half a gale。 But;

owing to the misjudgment of the ship's headway; one of the

wings of the machine when it struck the water after being

released from the crane; went under the water and was

snapped off。 Lieut。 Rodgers was convinced that this method

was too risky and that some other must be devised。







CHAPTER XXVIII。



GLOSSARY OF AERONAUTICAL TERMS。



Aerodrome。Literally a machine that runs in the air。

Aerofoil。The advancing transverse section of an aeroplane。



Aeroplane。A flying machine of the glider pattern;

used in contra…distinction to a dirigible balloon。



Aeronaut。A person who travels in the air。



Aerostat。A machine sustaining weight in the air。 A

balloon is an aerostat。



Aerostatic。Pertaining to suspension in the air; the

art of aerial navigation。



Ailerons。Small stabilizing planes attached to the main

planes to assist in preserving equilibrium。



Angle of Incidence。Angle formed by making comparison

with a perpendicular line or body。



Angle of Inclination。Angle at which a flying machine

rises。 This angle; like that of incidence; is obtained

by comparison with an upright; or perpendicular line。



Auxiliary Planes。Minor plane surfaces; used in conjunction

with the main planes for stabilizing purposes。



Biplane。A flying…machine of the glider type with two

surface planes。



Blade Twist。The angle of twist or curvature on a

propeller blade。



Cambered。Curve or arch in plane; or wing from port

to starboard。



Chassis。The under framework of a flying machine; the

framework of the lower plane。



Control。System by which the rudders and stabilizing

planes are manipulated。



Dihedral。Having two sides and set at an angle; like

dihedral planes; or dihedral propeller blades。



Dirigible。Obedient to a rudder

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