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square feet。 Now; by using a specially designed motor of 65

h。 p。; capable of developing a speed of from 70 to 80 miles an

hour; the Wrights are enabled to successfully navigate a machine

the plane area of which is about 130 square feet。 This

apparatus is intended to carry only one person (the operator)。

At Belmont Park; N。 Y。; the Wrights demonstrated that the

small…surfaced biplane is much faster; easier to manage in the

hands of a skilled manipulator; and a better altitude climber

than the large and cumbersome machines with 538 square feet

of surface heretofore used by them。



In this may be found a practical illustration of the principle

that increased speed permits of a reduction in plane area in

mathematical ratio to the gain in speed。 The faster any object

can be made to move through the air; the less will be the

supporting

surface required to sustain a given weight。 But; there

is a limit beyond which the plane surface cannot be reduced

with safety。 Regard must always be had to the securing of

an ample sustaining surface so that in case of motor stoppage

there will be sufficient buoyancy to enable the operator to

descend safely。



The baby Wright used at the Belmont Park (N。 Y。) aviation

meet in the fall of 1910; had a plane length of 19 feet 6 inches;

and an extreme breadth of 21 feet 6 inches; with a total surface

area of 146 square feet。 It was equipped with a new Wright

8…cylinder motor of 60 h。 p。; and two Wright propellers of 8

feet 6 inches diameter and 500 r。 p。 m。 It was easily the fastest

machine at the meet。 After the tests; Wilbur Wright said:



〃It is our intention to put together a machine with specially

designed propellers; specially designed gears and a motor which

will give us 65 horsepower at least。 We will then be able;

after some experimental work we are doing now; to send forth

a machine that will make a new speed record。〃



In the new Wright machines the front elevating planes for

up…and…down control have been eliminated; and the movements

of the apparatus are now regulated solely by the rear; or

〃tail〃

control。



A Powerful Light Motor。



Another successful American aviation motor is the aeromotor;

manufactured by the Detroit Aeronautic Construction。

Aeromotors are made in four models as follows:



Model 1。4…cylinder; 30…40 h。 p。; weight 200 pounds。



Model 2。4…cylinder; (larger stroke and bore) 40…50 h。 p。;

weight 225 pounds。



Model 3。6…cylinder。 50…60 h。 p。; weight 210 pounds。



Model 4。6…cylinder; 60…75 h。 p。; weight 275 pounds。



This motor is of the 4…cycle; vertical; water…cooled type。

Roberts Aviation Motor。



One of the successful aviation motors of American make; is

that produced by the Roberts Motor Co。; of Sandusky; Ohio。

It is designed by E。 W。 Roberts; M。 E。; who was formerly

chief assistant and designer for Sir Hiram Maxim; when the

latter was making his celebrated aeronautical experiments in

England in 1894…95。 This motor is made in both the 4… and

6…cylinder forms。 The 4…cylinder motor weighs complete with

Bosch magneto and carbureter 165 pounds; and will develop

40 actual brake h。 p。 at 1;000 r。 p。 m。; 46 h。 p。 at 1;200 and 52

h。 p。 at 1;400。 The 6…cylinder weighs 220 pounds and will

develop 60 actual brake h。 p。 at 1;000 r。 p。 m。; 69 h。 p。 at

1;200 and 78 h。 p。 at 1;500。



Extreme lightness has been secured by doing away with all

superfluous parts; rather than by a shaving down of materials

to a dangerous thinness。 For example; there is neither an intake

or exhaust manifold on the motor。 The distributing valve

forms a part of the crankcase as does the water intake; and

the gear pump。 Magnalium takes the place of aluminum in

the crankcase; because it is not only lighter but stronger and

can be cast very thin。 The crankshaft is 2 1/2…inch diameter

with a 2 1/4…inch hole; and while it would be strong enough in

ordinary 40 per cent carbon steel it is made of steel twice the

strength of that customarily employed。 Similar care has been

exercised on other parts and the result is a motor weighing 4

pounds per h。 p。



The Rinek Motor。



The Rinek aviation motor; constructed by the Rinek Aero

Mfg。 Co。; of Easton; Pa。; is another that is meeting with favor

among aviators。 Type B…8 is an 8…cylinder motor; the cylinders

being set at right angles; on a V…shaped crank case。 It is water

cooled; develops 50…60 h。 p。; the minimum at 1;220 r。 p。 m。; and

weighs 280 pounds with all accessories。 Type B…4; a 4…cylinder

motor; develops 30 h。 p。 at 1;800 r。 p。 m。; and weighs 130 pounds

complete。 The cylinders in both motors are made of cast iron

with copper water jackets。



The Overhead Camshaft Boulevard。



The overhead camshaft Boulevard is still another form of

aviation motor which has been favorably received。 This is

the product of the Boulevard Engine Co。; of St。 Louis。 It is

made with 4 and 8 cylinders。 The former develops 30…35 h。 p。

at 1;200 r。 p。 m。; and weighs 130 pounds。 The 8…cylinder motor

gives 60…70 h。 p。 at 1;200 r。 p。 m。; and weighs 200 pounds。

Simplicity of construction is the main feature of this motor;

especially in the manipulation of the valves。







CHAPTER XXVI。



MONOPLANES; TRIPLANES; MULTIPLANES。



Until recently; American aviators had not given serious

attention to any form of flying machines aside from biplanes。

Of the twenty…one monoplanes competing at the International

meet at Belmont Park; N。 Y。; in November; 1910; only three

makes were handled by Americans。 Moissant and Drexel

navigated Bleriot machines; Harkness an Antoinette; and

Glenn Curtiss a single decker of his own construction。 On

the other hand the various foreign aviators who took part in

the meet unhesitatingly gave preference to monoplanes。



Whatever may have been the cause of this seeming prejudice

against the monoplane on the part of American air sailors;

it is slowly being overcome。 When a man like Curtiss; who

has attained great success with biplanes; gives serious attention

to the monoplane form of construction and goes so far as

to build and successfully operate a single surface machine;

it may be taken for granted that the monoplane is a fixture in

this country。



Dimensions of Monoplanes。



The makes; dimensions and equipment of the various monoplanes

used at Belmont Park are as follows:



Bleriot(Moissant; operator)plane length 23 feet; extreme

breadth 28 feet; surface area 160 square feet; 7…cylinder; 50 h。

p。

Gnome engine; Chauviere propeller; 7 feet 6 inches diameter;

1;200 r。 p。 m。



Bleriot(Drexel; operator)exactly the same as Moissant's

machine。



Antoinette(Harkness; operator)plane length 42 feet;

extreme breadth 46 feet; surface area 377 square feet; Emerson

6…cylinder; 50 h。 p。 motor; Antoinette propeller; 7 feet 6 inches

diameter; 1;200 r。 p。 m。



Curtiss(Glenn H。 Curtiss; operator)plane length 25 feet;

extreme breadth 26 feet; surface area 130 square feet; Curtiss

8…cylinder; 60 h。 p。 motor; Paragon propeller; 7 feet in

diameter; 1;200 r。 p。 m。



With one exception Curtiss had the smallest machine of

any of those entering into competition。 The smallest was La

Demoiselle; made by Santos…Dumont; the proportions of which

were: plane length 20 feet; extreme breadth 18 feet; surface

area 100 square feet; Clement…Bayard 2…cylinder; 30 h。 p。 motor;

Chauviere propeller; 6 feet 6 inches in diameter; 1;100 r。 p。 m。



Winnings Made with Monoplanes。



Operators of monoplanes won a fair share of the cash prizes。

They won 30;283 out of a total of 63;250; to say nothing about

Grahame…White's winnings。 The latter won 13;600; but part

of his winning flights were made in a Bleriot monoplane; and

part in a Farman machine。 Aside from Grahame…White the

winnings were divided as follows: Moissant (Bleriot) 13;350;

Latham (Antoinette) 8;183; Aubrun (Bleriot) 2;400;

De Lesseps (Bleriot) 2;300; Drexel (Bleriot) 1;700; Radley

(Bleriot) 1;300; Simon (Bleriot) 750; Andemars (Clement…

Bayard) 100; Barrier (Bleriot) 100。



Out of a total of 30;283; operators of Bleriot machines won

21;900; again omitting Grahame…White's share。 If the winnings

with monoplane and biplane could be divided so as to

show the amount won with each type of machine the credit

side of the Bleriot account would be materially enlarged。



The Most Popular Monoplanes。



While the number of successful monoplanes is increasing

rapidly; and there is some feature of advantage in nearly all

the new makes; interest centers chiefly in the Santos…Dumont;

Antoinette and Bleriot machines。 This is because more has

been accomplished with them than with any of the others;

possibly because they have had greater opportunities。



For the guidance of those who may wish to build a machine

of the monoplane type after the Santos…Dumont or Bleriot

models; the following details will be found useful。



Santos…DumontTh

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