the origins of contemporary france-5-第35节

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executions。　…　（Letter　of　the　sub…prefect　of　Tarascon；　Germinal　15；

year　IX。）　〃In　the　commune　of　Eyragues；　yesterday；　at　eight　o'clock；　a

band　of　masked　brigands　surrounded　the　mayor's　house；　while　some　of

them　entered　it　and　shot　this　public　functionary　without　anybody

daring　to　render　him　any　assistance。　。。　。　Three…quarters　of　the

inhabitants　of　Eyragues　are　royalists。〃…　In　series　F7；　7152　and　those

following　may　be　found　an　enumeration　of　political　crimes　classified

by　department　and　by　the　month；　especially　for　Messidor；　year　VII。



＇16＇　Barère；　representative　of　Hautes　Pyrénées；　had　preserved　a　good

deal　of　credit　in　this　remote　department；　especially　in　the　district

of　Argeles；　with　populations　which　knew　nothing　about　the　〃Mountain。〃

In　1805；　the　electors　presented　him　as　a　candidate　for　the　legislative

body　and　the　senate；　in　1815；　they　elected　him　deputy。



＇17＇　〃Souvenirs〃；　by　PASQUIER　（Etienne…Dennis；　duc）；　chancelier　de

France。　in　VI　volumes；　Librarie　Plon；　　Paris　1893。　I。；　158。　　At　the

time　the　concordat　was　under　consideration　the　aversion　to　〃　priest

rule〃　was　very　great　in　the　army；　there　were　secret　meetings　held

against　it。　Many　of　the　superior　officers　took　part　in　them；　and　even

some　of　the　leading　generals。　Moreau　was　aware　of　them　although　he　did

not　attend　them。　In　one　of　these　gatherings；　things　were　carried　far

enough　to　resolve　upon　the　assassination　of　the　first　consul。　A

certain　Donnadieu；　then　of　a　low　rank　in　the　army；　offered　to　strike

the　blow。　General　Oudinot；　who　was　present；　informed　Davoust；　and

Donnadieu；　imprisoned　in　the　Temple；　made　revelations。　Measures　were

at　once　taken　to　scatter　the　conspirators；　who　were　all　sent　away　more

or　less　farther　off；　some　were　arrested　and　others　exiled；　among　them

General　Mounier；　who　had　commanded　one　of　Desaix's　brigades　at

Marengo。　General　Lecourbe　was　also　one　of　the　conspirators。



＇18＇　On　the　18th　Fructidor　Napoléon　used　grape…shot　and　artillery　to

sweep　the　royalists　off　the　streets　of　Paris。　（SR。）



＇19＇　〃Extrait　des　Mémoires　de　Boulay　de　la　Meurthe；〃　p。10。



＇20＇　Napoleon's　words。　（〃Correspondance；〃　XXX。；　343；　memoirs　dictated

at　Saint　Helena。）



＇21＇　Lafayette；　〃　Mémoires；〃II。；　192。



＇22＇　Pelet　de　la　Lozère；　〃　Opinions　de　Napoléon　au　conseil　d'état；〃　p。

63　〃The　senate　is　mistaken　if　it　thinks　it　possesses　a　national　and

representative　chamber。　It　is　merely　a　constituted　authority　emanating

from　the　government　like　the　others。〃　…　Ibid。；　P。147：　〃　It　must　not　be

in　the　power　of　a　legislative　body　to　impede　government　by　refusing

taxes；　once　the　taxes　are　established　they　should　be　levied　by　simple

decrees。　The　court　of　cassation　regards　my　decrees　as　laws；　otherwise；

there　would　be　no　government。〃　（January　9；　1808。）　…　Ibid。；　p。　147：　〃

If　I　ever　had　any　fear　of　the　senate　I　had　only　to　put　fifty　young

state…councillors　into　it。〃　（December　1；　1803。）　…　Ibid。；　　p。150：　〃If

an　opposition　should　spring　up　in　the　legislative　corps　I　would　fall

back　on　the　senate　to　prorogue；　change　it；　or　break　it　up。〃　（March　29；

1806。）　…　Ibid。；　p。151：　〃Sixty　legislators　go　out　every　year　which　one

does　not　know　what　to　do　with；　those　who　do　not　get　places　go　and

grumble　in　the　departments。　I　should　like　to　have　old　land…owners

married；　in　a　certain　sense；　to　the　state　through　their　family　or

profession；　attached　by　some　tie　to　the　commonwealth。　Such　men　would

come　to　Paris　annually；　converse　with　the　emperor　in　his　own　circle；

and　be　contented　with　this　little　bit　of　vanity　relieving　the　monotony

of　their　existence。〃　（Same　date。）　…　Cf。　Thibaudeau；　〃Mémoires　sur　le

Consulat；〃　ch。　XIII。；　and　M。　de　Metternich；　〃Mémoires；〃　I。；　120　（Words

of　Napoleon　at　Dresden；　in　the　spring　of　1812）：　〃I　shall　give　the

senate　and　the　council　of　state　a　new　organization。　The　former　will

take　the　place　of　the　upper　chamber；　the　latter　that　of　the　chamber　of

deputies。　I　shall　continue　to　appoint　the　senators；　I　shall　have　the

state　councillors　elected　one…third　at　a　time　on　triple　lists　；　the

rest　I　will　appoint。　Here　will　the　budget　be　prepared　and　the　laws

elaborated。〃　…　We　see　the　corps　législatif；　docile　as　it　is；　still

worrying　him；　and　very　justly；　he　foresaw　the　session　of　1813。









CHAPTER　II。



I。



Principal　service　rendered　by　the　public　power。　…　It　is　an

instrumentality。　…　A　common　law　for　every　instrumentality。　…

Mechanical　instruments。　…　Physiological　instruments。　…　Social

instruments。　…　The　perfection　of　an　instrument　increases　with　the

convergence　of　its　effects。



What　is　the　service　which　the　public　power　renders　to　the　public？　…

The　principal　one　is　the　protection　of　the　community　against　the

foreigner；　and　of　private　individuals　against　each　other。　…　Evidently；

to　do　this；　it　must　in　all　cases　be　provided　with　indispensable　means；

namely：　diplomats；　an　army；　a　fleet；　arsenals；　civil　and　criminal

courts；　prisons；　a　police；　taxation　and　tax…collectors；　a　hierarchy　of

agents　and　local　supervisors；　who；　each　in　his　place　and　attending　to

his　special　duty；　will　co…operate　in　securing　the　desired　effect。　…

Evidently；　again；　to　apply　all　these　instruments；　the　public　power

must　have；　according　to　the　case；　this　or　that　form　or　constitution；

this　or　that　degree　of　impulse　and　energy：　according　to　the　nature　and

gravity　of　external　or　internal　danger；　it　is　proper　that　it　should　be

concentrated　or　divided；　emancipated　from　control　or　under　control；

authoritative　or　liberal。　No　indignation　need　be　cherished　beforehand

against　its　mechanism。　Strictly　speaking；　it　is　a　vast　piece　appliance

in　the　human　community；　such　as　a　machine　in　a　factory　or　such　as

organ　in　the　human　body。　If　this　organ　is　the　only　on　that　can　carry

out　the　task；　let　us　accept　it　and　its　structure：　whoever　wants　the

end　wants　the　means。　All　we　can　ask　is　that　the　means　shall　be　adapted

to　the　end；　in　other　terms；　that　the　myriad　of　large　or　small　local　or

central　pieces　shall　be　determined；　adjusted；　and　coordinated　in　view

of　the　final　and　total　effect　to　which　they　co…operate　nearly　or

remotely。



But；　whether　simple　or　compound；　every　engine　which　does　any　work　is

subject　to　one　condition；　the　better　it　is　suited　to　any　distinct

purpose　the　less　it　is　suited　to　other　purposes；　as　its　perfection

increases；　so　does　its　application　become　limited。　…　Accordingly；　if

there　are　two　distinct　instruments　applied　to　two　distinct　objects；

the　more　perfect　they　are；　each　of　its　kind；　the　more　do　their　domains

become　circumscribed　and　opposed　to　each　other；　as　one　of　them　becomes

more　capable　of　doing　its　own　work　it　becomes　more　incapable　of　doing

the　work　of　the　other；　finally；　neither　can　take　the　place　of　the

other；　and　this　is　true　whatever　the　instrument　may　be；　mechanical；

physiological；　or　social。



At　the　very　lowest　grade　of　human　industry　the　savage　possesses　but

one　tool；　with　his　cutting　or　pointed　bit　of　stone　he　kills；　breaks；

splits；　bores；　saws；　and　carves；　the　instrument　suffices；　in　the　main；

for　all　sorts　of　services。　After　this　come　the　lance；　the　hatchet；　the

hammer；　the　punch；　the　saw；　the　knife；　each　adapted　to　a　distinct

purpose　and　less　efficacious　outside　of　that　purpose：　one　cannot　saw

well　with　a　knife；　and　one　cuts　badly　with　a　saw。　Later；　highly…

perfected　engines　appear；　and；　wholly　special；　the　sewing…machine　and

the　typewriter：　it　is　impossible　to　sew　with　the　typewriter　or　write

with　the　sewing…machine。　…　In　like　manner；　when　at　the　lowest　round　of

the　organic　ladder　the　animal　is　simply　a　shapeless　jelly；　homogeneous

and　viscous；　all　parts　of　it　are　equally　suited　to　all　functions；　the

amoebae；　indifferently　and　by　all　the　cells　of　its　body；　can　walk；

seize；　swallow；　digest；　breathe；　and　circulate　all　its　fluids；　expel

its　waste；　and　propagate　its　species。　A　little　higher　up；　in　fresh…

water　polyp；　the　internal　sac　which　digests　and　the　outer　skin　which

serves　to　envelop　it　can；　if　absolutely　necessary；　change　their

functions；　if　you　turn　the　animal　inside　out　like　a　glove　it　continues

to　live；　its　skin；　become　internal；　fulfills　the　office　of　a　stomach；

its　stomach；　become　external；　fulfills　the　office　of　an　envelope。　But；

the　higher　we　ascend；　the　more　do　the　organs；　complicated　by　the

division　and　subdivision　of　labor；　diverge；　each　to　its　own　side；　and

refuse　to　take　each　other's　place。　The　heart；　with　the　mammal；　is　only

good　for　impelling　the　blood；　while　the　lungs　only　furnish　the　blood

with　oxygen；　one　cannot　possibly　do　the　work　of　the　other；　between　the

two　domains　the　special　structure　of　the　former　and　the　special

structure　of　the　latter　interpose　an　impassable　barrier。　…　In　like

manner；　finally；　at　the　very　bottom　of　the　social　scale　…　lower　down

than　the　Andamans　and　the　Fuegians　…　we　find　a　primitive　stage　of

humanity　in　which　society　consists　wholly　of　a　herd。　In　this　herd

there　is　no　distinct　association　in　view　of　a　distinct　purpose；　ther