vill3-第7节

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！


don；　we　come　across　six　hides　'trium　solandarum'。（65*）　The　most　probable　explanation　seems　to　be　that　the　hide　or　unit　of　assessment　is　contrasted　with　the　solanda　or　sulland　（sulung）；　that　is　with　the　actual　ploughland；　and　two　hides　are　reckoned　as　a　single　solanda。　　　　　The　yokes　（juga）　of　Battle　Abbey　（66*）　are　not　virgates；　but　carucates；　full　ploughlands。　This　follows　from　the　fact　that　a　certain　virgate　mentioned　in　the　record　is　equivalent　only　to　one　fourth　of　the　yoke。　In　the　Norfolk　manors　of　Ely　Minster　we　find　tenmanlands　（67*）　of　120　acres　in　the　possession　of　several　copartitioners；　participes。　The　survey　does　not　go　into　a　detailed　description　of　tenements　and　rights；　and　the　reckoning　of　services　starts　from　the　entire　combination；　as　in　the　Kentish　documents。　A　commonly　recurrent　term　is　wista；（68*）　it　corresponds　to　the　virgate：　a　great　wista　is　as　much　as　half…a…hide；　or　two　virgates。（69*）　　　　　The　terms　discussed　hitherto　are　applied　to　the　tenements　in　the　fields　of　the　village；　but　besides　those　there　are　other　names　for　the　plots　occupied　by　a　numerous　population　which　did　not　find　a　place　in　the　regular　holdings。　There　were　craftsmen　and　rural　labourers　working　for　the　lord　and　for　the　tenants；　there　were　people　living　by　gardening　and　the　raising　of　vegetables。　This　class　is　always　contrasted　with　the　tenants　in　the　fields。　The　usual　name　for　their　plots　is　cote；　cotland；　or　cotsetland。　The　so…called　ferdel；　or　fourth　part　of　a　virgate；　is　usually　mentioned　among　them　because　there　are　no　ploughbeasts　on　it。（70*）　Another　name　for　the　ferdel　is　nook。（71*）　Next　come　the　crofters；　whose　gardens　sometimes　extend　to　a　very　fair　size　　as　much　as　ten　acres　in　one　enclosed　patch。（72*）　The　cotters　proper　have　generally　one；　two；　and　sometimes　as　much　as　five　acres　with　their　dwellings；　they　cannot　keep　themselves　on　this；　as　a　rule；　and　have　to　look　out　for　more　on　other　people's　tenements。　A　very　common　name　for　their　plots　is　'lundinaria'（73*）　'Mondaylands；'　because　the　holders　are　bound　to　work　for　the　lord　only　one　day　in　the　week；　usually　on　Monday。　Although　the　absence　of　plough…beasts；　of　a　part　in　coaration；　and　of　shares　in　the　common　fields　draws　a　sharp　line　between　these　men　and　the　regular　holders；　our　surveys　try　sometimes　to　fit　their　duties　and　plots　into　the　arrangement　of　holdings；　the　cotland　is　assumed　to　represent　one　sixteenth　or　even　one　thirty…second　part　of　the　hide。（74*）　The　Glastonbury　Survey　of　1189　contains　a　curious　hint　that　two　cottages　are　more　valuable　than　one　half…virgate：　two　cotlands　were　ruined　during　the　war；　and　they　were　thrown　together　into　half　a　virgate；　although　it　would　have　been　more　advantageous　to　keep　two　houses　on　them；　that　is　two　households。（75*）　The　bordae　mentioned　by　the　documents　are　simply　cottages　or　booths　without　any　land　belonging　to　them。（76*）　The　manorial　police　keeps　a　lookout　that　such　houses　may　not　arise　without　licence　and　service。（77*）　　　　　A　good　many　terms　are　not　connected　in　any　way　with　the　general　arrangement　of　the　holdings；　but　depend　upon　the　part　played　by　the　land　in　husbandry　or　the　services　imposed　upon　it。　To　mention　a　few　among　them。　A　plot　which　has　to　provide　cheese　is　called　Cheeseland。（78*）　Those　tenements　which　are　singled　out　for　the　special　duty　of　carrying　the　proceeds　of　the　manorial　cultivation　get　the　name　of　averlands。（79*）　The　terms　lodland；（80*）　serland　（81*）　or　sharland；　are　also　connected　with　compulsory　labour。　The　first　is　taken　from　the　duty　to　carry　loads　or　possibly　to　load　waggons；　the　second　may　be　employed　in　reference　to　work　performed　with　the　sithe　or　reap…hook。　A　plot　reserved　for　the　leader　of　the　plough…team；　the　akerman；　was　naturally　called　akermanland。（82*）　Sometimes；　though　rarely；　the　holding　gets　its　name　from　the　money　rent　it　has　to　pay。　We　hear　of　denerates　（83*）　and　nummates　（84*）　of　land　in　this　connexion。　　　　　All　these　variations　in　detail　do　not　avail　to　modify　to　any　considerable　extent　the　chief　lines　on　which　the　medieval　system　of　holdings　is　constructed。　I　presume　that　the　foregoing　exposition　has　been　sufficient　to　establish　the　following　points：　　　　　　1。　The　principle　upon　which　the　original　distribution　depended　was　that　of　equalizing　the　shares　of　the　members　of　the　community。　This　led　to　the　scattering　and　to　the　intermixture　of　strips。　The　principle　did　not　preclude　inequality　according　to　certain　degrees；　but　it　aimed　at　putting　all　the　people　of　one　degree　into　approximately　similar　conditions。　　　　　2。　The　growth　of　population；　of　capital；　of　cultivation；　of　social　inequalities　led　to　a　considerable　difference　between　the　artificial　uniformity　in　which　the　arrangement　of　the　holdings　was　kept　and　the　actual　practice　of　farming　and　ownership。　　　　　3。　The　system　was　designed　and　kept　working　by　the　influence　of　communal　right；　but　it　got　its　artificial　shape　and　its　legal　rigidity　from　the　manorial　administration　which　used　it　for　the　purpose　of　distributing　and　collecting　labour　and　rent。　　　　　4。　The　holdings　were　held　together　as　units；　not　merely　by　the　superior　property　of　the　lord；　but　by　economic　considerations。　They　were　breaking　up　under　the　pressure　of　population；　not　merely　in　the　case　of　free　holdings；　but　also　where　the　holdings　were　servile。

NOTES：


1。　It　should　be　observed　that　the　word　demesne　（dominicum）　is　constantly　used　in　two　different　senses；　（a）　the　narrower　sense　in　which　it　stands　for　the　land　directly　occupied　and　cultivated　by　the　lord　or　for　his　use；　and　excludes　the　land　held　by　his　villain　tenants；　and　（b）　the　wider　sense　ill　which　it　includes　these　villain　tenements。　The　first　meaning　is　that　which　the　word　usually　bears　in　manorial　documents；　in　which　the　dominicum　is　contrasted　with　the　villenagium　or　bondagium。　But　in　legal　pleadings　and　documents　which　state　the　doctrine　of　the　common　law　and　the　king's　courts　the　villain　tenements　are　part　of　the　lord's　demesne；　he　is　seised　of　them　in　his　demesne　（in　dominico　suo）。　This　discrepancy　between　what　I　may　call　the　manorial　and　the　legal　uses　of　the　term　deserves　notice　as　an　indication　of　the　imperfect　adjustment　of　law　to　fact。　I　shall　use　the　term　in　its　narrower　sense。

2。　Eynsham　Cartulary；　MSS。　of　Christ　Church；　Oxford；　N。　27；　f　1；　a：　'Est　una　cultura　nuncupata　Shyppelond；　et　continet　in　toto　septem　acras　dimidiam　acram　et　dimidiam　rodam；　et　valet　acra　4d。；　et　bis　successive　seminatur。'　Inqu。　p。　mortem　20　Henry　III；　N。　14　（Record　Office）：　'Extensio　manerii　de　Remdun　（Lincoln）。　Sunt　ibidem　360　acre　terre　et　faciunt　duas　carucatas。　Et　seminata　sunt　per　annum　240　acre。。。　De　waracto　per　annum　12　d。'

3。　Glastonbury　Survey　of　1189　（Roxburghe　Ser。）；　99：　'Idem　tenet　de　dominico　tres　acras　a　tempore　Henrici　episcopi　quas　colit　in　uno　anno　et　altero　noll。'

4。　Eynsham　Cart。；　I；　a：　'Est　ibidem　prope　alia　cultura　nuncupata　Clayfurlong　et　continet　cum　capitali　inferiore　octo　acras　unam　rodam　tres　perticas　cum　dimidia；　et　potest　ter　seminari　successive；　videlicet　post　warectum　ordium；　anno　sequente　cum　grosso　pulstro　et　anno　tercio　cum　frumento；　et　valet　acra　8　d。。。。　（Alia　cultura）　et　potest　ter　seminari　ut　supra　mutato　grosso　pulstro　in　pisas。'

5。　Two　husbandry　treatises　were　chiefly　in　use　in　mediaeval　England。　The　fourteenth…century　MS。；　Merton　College　91；　contains　both；　and　both　mention　the　two　systems。　（Modus　qualiter　balliui　et　prepositi　debent　onerari　super　compotum　reddendum　et　qualiter　manerium　custodiri）；　f　152：　'E　la　vu　les　chaumps　sunt　semez　e　parti　en　deus；　le　iuernage　e　le　trameys　sunt　tous　semez　en　un　champ。'　　（Maior　husbonderia；　otherwise　Walter　of　Henley's　treatise）；　f　155：　'Si　les　terres　seent　partiz　en　iii；　la　ulle　partie　en　le　yuernage；　lautre　partie　en　le　quaremel；　e　la　tierce　partie　a　warect；　donqes　est　la　charrue　de　terre　de　xxx　acres；　（sic；　corr。　ixxx）。；　E　si　vos　terres　seent　partez　en　ii；　com　sont　en　plusurs　pays；　la　une　partie　a　yuernage　e　a　quaremel；　e　lautre　partie　a　waret；　donqes　serra　la　charue　de　terre　de　viiixx　acres。'　Cf。　Thorold　Rogers；　Six　Centuries；　75。

6。　Fleta；　ii。　72。

7。　Malmesbury　Cart。　（Rolls　Ser。）；　ii。　186：　'De　terris　inbladandis　et　inhoc　faclendis　in　campis　de　Brokeneberewe　et　de　Burestone；　a　ponte　de　Julebrocke　usque　ad　Halbrigge　de　Bremelham；　ubi　dictus　Ricardus　dicebat　se　habere　communam；　ita　quod　nec　abbas　et　conventus；　nec　eorum　tenentes　possint　inhoc　facere　sine　consensu　dicti　Ricardi；　nec　pro　voluntate　sua　terras　suas　ibidem　inbladare。。。　Abbas　et　conventus　concesserunt　praedicto　Ricardo。。。　ut　cum　terrae　prenominatae　inbladatae　fuerint　et　blada　a　terris　amota；　liberam　et　plenam　communam　in　praefatis　terris　una　cum　abbate　et　suis　hominibus　（habeat）　sicut　ipse　vel　praedecessores　sui　unquam　melius　et　plenius　habere　consueverunt。。。。　Ita　quod　si　de　campo　predicto　in　quo　factum　est　inhoc　pars　quaedam　remaneat　inculta　sine　blado；　in　eadem　parte　habebunt　predictus　Ricardus　et　heredes　sui　communam　cum　abbate　et　conventu　et　suis。　Similiter　si　villani　praedicti　Ricardi　nolint　inhokare　terras　suas　infra　praedictum　inhoc　sitas；　habebunt　liberum　ingressum　et　egressum　ad　warectandum　eas。'

8。　Coram　Rege；　Hill。　3　Edw。　I；　m。　17；　d：　'Item　quicumque　facit　inheche　scilicet　excolit　warectum　frumento；　ordeo　vel　auena；　dabit　pro　qualibet　acra　unum　denarium；　excepta　una