vill3-第23节
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qui nomine Abbatis missus ibidem fuit et finem recusault； procurabitur ut premittitur。 Et si aliquid de necessariis in administrando defuerit； omnes tenentes qui comestum contribuere debent die crastino in plena curia super necessariorum defectu per senescallum calumpniabuntur et graviter amerciabuntur。 Et talis fuit consuetudo ab antiquo et habetur quolibet anno pro certo redditu； et de quo Petrus de Thedingworth quondam Abbas de Osoluestone et predecessores sui a tempore quo non extat memoria sub forma predicta fuerunt seisiti。'
99。 See about this point； Hale's Introduction。 It is generally very good on the subject of the farm。
100。 Domesday of St。 Paul's； 21： 'Potest wainagium fieri cum tribus caruciis octo capitum cum consuetudinibus villate。'
101。 The Templar's Book of 1185 at the Record Office （Q。 R。 Misc。 Books； N。 16） is already a rental in substance。
102。 Glastonbury Inqu。 of 1189； p。 117： 'Nigellus capellanus tenet unam vir。 gatam； sed illa virgata non solet ad operacionem redigi。 Cum dominus voluerit operabitur sicut alie。' Rot。 Hundr。 ii。 815； a： '。。。 dabit 8 solidos per annum pro operibus suis qui solidi poterunt mutari in aliud servicium ad valorem pro voluntate domini。'
103。 Glastonbury Inqu。 of 1189； p。 29： 'G。 de P。 （tenet） unum mesuagium et tres acras et dimidiam pro 2 solidis et facit sicut homines de Mera quando sunt ad gabulum。 Hoc tenementum non solet esse ad opus。' 116： 'Leviva vidua tenet dimidiam hidam； Unam virgatam tenet eodem servitio； aliam tenet pro gabulo et non potest ad operationem poni sicut alia。'
104。 Bury St。 Edmund's Reg。； Harl。 MSS。 3977； f 82； d： 'Omnes liberi et non liberi dabunt festivales exceptis illis liberis qui habent residentes sub illos。' Glastonbury Cart； Wood MSS。 i。 f 176； b： 'Abbas et conventus remiserunt R。 de W。。。。 omnia carriagia。。。 nec non et illas custodias quae predictus R。 et antecessores sui personaliter facere consueverunt cum virga sua super bederipas ipsorum。。。 et super arruras precarias que ei fieri debent in manerio de Pultone。'
105。 Custumals of Battle Abbey （Camd。 Soc。）； p。 122
106。 Black Book of Peterborough （Camden Ser。）； 164： 'In Scotere et Scaletoys sunt undecim carrucatae ad geldum Regis et 24 plenarii villani。。。 Plenarii villani operantur duobus diebus in ebdomada。。。 Et ibi sunt 29 sochemanni et operantur uno die in ebdomada pertotum annum et in Augusto duobus diebus。 Et isti villani et omnes sochemanni habent 21 carrucas et omnes arant una vice ad hyvernage et una ad tremeis。'
Chapter 4
The Lord； His Servants and Free Tenants
Descriptions of English rural arrangements in the age we are studying always suppose the country to be divided into manors； and each of these manors to consist of a central portion called the demesne； and of a cluster of holdings in different tributary relations to this central portion。 Whether we take the Domesday Survey； or the Hundred Rolls； or the Custumal of some monastic institution； or the extent of lands belonging to some deceased lay lord； we shall again and again meet the same typical arrangement。 I do not say that there are no instances swerving from this beaten track； and that other arrangements never appear in our records。 Still the general system is found to be such as I have just mentioned； and a very peculiar system it is； equally different from the ancient latifundia or modern plantations cultivated by gangs of labourers working on a large scale and for distant markets； from peasant ownership scattered into small and self…dependent households； and even from the conjunction between great property and farms taken on lease and managed as separate units of cultivation。 The characteristic feature of the medieval system is the close connexion between the central and dominant part and the dependent bodies arranged around it。 We have had occasion to speak in some detail of these tributary bodies it is time to see how the lord's demesne which acted as their centre was constituted。 Bracton mentions as the distinguishing trait of the demesne； that it is set aside for the lord's own use； and ministers to the wants of his household。（1*） Therefore it is sometimes called in English 'Board Lands。' The definition is not complete； however； because all land occupied by the owner himself must be included under the name of demesne； although its produce may be destined not for his personal use； but for the market。 'Board lands' are only one species of domanial land； so also are the 'Husfelds' mentioned in a charter quoted by Madox。（2*） This last term only points to its relation to the house； that is the manorial house。 And both denominations are noteworthy for their very incompleteness； which testifies indirectly to the restricted area and to the modest aims of domanial cultivation。 Usually it lies in immediate connexion with the manorial house； and produces almost exclusively for home consumption。 This is especially true as to the arable； which generally forms the most important part of the whole demesne land。 There is no exit for a corn trade； and therefore everybody raises corn for his own use； and possibly for a very restricted local market。 Even great monastic houses hold only 300 or 400 acres in the home farm； very rarely the number rises to 600； and a thousand acres of arable in one manor is a thing almost unheard of。（3*） Husbandry on a large scale appears only now and then in places where sheep…farming prevails； in Wiltshire for instance。 Exceptional value is set on the demesne when fisheries are connected with it or salt found on it。（4*） The following description of Bockyng in Essex；（5*） a manor belonging to the Chapter of Christ Church； Canterbury； may serve as an example of the distribution and relative value of demesne soil。 The cartulary from which it is drawn was compiled in 1309。 The manorial house and close cover five acres。 The grass within its precincts which may serve as food for cattle is valued at 8d。 a year。 Corn is also sold there to the value of 12d。 a year； sometimes more and sometimes less； according to the quantity sown。 The orchard provides fruit and vegetables worth 13s。 4d。 a year； the duty levied from the swine gives 6d。 The pigeon…house is worth 4d。 Two mills； 7l。 Is。 8d A fishery； 12d。 A wood called Brekyng Park； containing 480 acres； and the brushwood there is worth 40s。 Grass in the wood 12d。； because it grows only in a few places。 Pannage duty from the swine； 10s。 Another wood called Le Flox contains 10 acres； and the brushwood is worth 6d。 Pannage from the swine； 6d。 Grass； 6d。 Arable； in all fields； 510 acres； the acre being assessed at 6d。 all round。 Each plough may easily till one acre a day； if four horses and two oxen are put to it。 Two meadows； one containing eight acres； of which every single acre yields 4s。 a year； the other meadow contains seven acres of similar value。 Pasture in severalty 30 acres； at 12d。 an acre。 Of these； 16 acres are set apart for oxen and horses； and 14 for cows。 Some small particles of pasture leased out to the tenants； 4s。 The prior and the convent are lords of the common pasture in Bockyng； and may send 100 sheep to these commons； and to the fields when not under crop。 Value 20s。 As important an item in the cultivation of the home farm as the soil itself is afforded by the plough…teams。 The treatises on husbandry give very minute observations on their composition and management。 And almost always we find the manorial teams supplemented by the consuetudines villae； that is by the customary work performed on different days by the peasantry。（6*） As to this point the close connexion between demesne and tributary land is especially clear； but after all that has been said in the preceding chapter it is hardly necessary to add that it was not only the ploughing…work that was carried on by the lord with the help of his subjects。 As a matter of fact； villages without a manorial demesne or without some dependence from it are found only exceptionally and in those parts of England where the free population had best kept its hold on the land； and where the power of the lord was more a political than an economical one （Norfolk and Suffolk； Lincoln； Northumberland； Westmoreland； etc。（7*））。 And there are hardly any cases at all of the contrary； that is of demesne land spreading over the whole of a manor。 Tillingham； a manor of St。 Paul's； London； comes very near it：（8*） it contains 300 acres as home farm； and only 30 acres of villain land。 But as a set…off； a considerable part of the demesne is distributed to small leaseholders。 It must be noted that； as a general rule； the demesne arable of the manor did not lie in one patch apart from the rest； but consisted of strips intermixed with those of the community。（9*） This fact would show by itself that the original system； according to which property and husbandry were arranged in manorial groups； was based on a close connexion between the domanial and the tributary land。 We might even go further and point out that the mere facilities of intercourse and joint work are not sufficient to account for this intermixture of the strips of the lord and of the homage。 The demesne land appears in fact as a share in the assoc
