vill3-第2节

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twenty…one　acres　in　one　field　and　twenty…one　in　another。（11*）　The　charter　does　not　contain　any　description　of　campi　in　the　territorial　sense；　and　it　is　evident　that　the　expression　'in　the　fields'　is　meant　to　indicate　a　customary　and　well…known　husbandry　arrangement。　The　same　meaning　must　be　put　on　sentences　like　the　following：　　R。A。　holds　a　virgate　consisting　of　forty…two　acres　in　both　fields。（12*）　The　question　may　be　raised　whether　we　have　to　look　for　'both　fields'　in　the　winter　and　springfield　of　the　three　courses　rotation；　or　in　the　arable　and　fallow　of　the　two　courses。　In　the　first　of　these　eventualities；　the　third　reserved　for　pasture　and　rest　would　be　left　out　of　the　reckoning；　it　would　be　treated　as　an　appurtenance　of　the　land　that　was　in　cultivation。　Cases　in　which　the　portions　in　the　several　fields　are　unequal　seem　to　point　to　the　second　sense。（13*）　It　was　impossible　to　divide　the　whole　territory　under　cultivation　like　a　piece　of　paper：　conformation　of　the　soil　had；　of　course；　much　to　do　with　the　shape　of　the　furlongs　and　their　distribution；　and　the　courses　of　the　husbandry　could　not　impress　themselves　on　it　without　some　inequalities　and　stray　remnants。　It　may　happen　for　this　reason　that　a　man　holds　sixteen　acres　in　one　field　and　fourteen　in　the　other。　There　is　almost　always；　however；　a　certain　correspondence　between　the　number　of　acres　in　each　field；　instances　of　very　great　disparity　are　rare；　and　suppose　some　local　and　special　reasons　which　we　cannot　trace。　Such　disparities　seem　to　point；　however；　to　a　rotation　according　to　two　courses；　because　the　fallow　of　the　three　courses　could　have　been　left　out　of　the　reckoning　only　if　all　the　parts　in　the　fields　were　equal。（14*）　I　think　that　a　careful　inspection　of　the　surveys　from　this　point　of　view　may　lead　to　the　conclusion　that　the　two　courses　rotation　was　very　extensively　spread　in　England　in　the　thirteenth　century。　　　　　A　most　important　feature　of　the　mediaeval　system　of　tillage　was　its　compulsory　character。　The　several　tenants；　even　when　freeholders；　could　not　manage　their　plots　at　their　own　choice。（15*）　The　entire　soil　of　the　township　formed　one　whole　in　this　respect；　and　was　subjected　to　the　management　of　the　entire　village。　The　superior　right　of　the　community　found　expression　in　the　fact　that　the　fields　were　open　to　common　use　as　pasture　after　the　harvest；　as　well　as　in　the　regulation　of　the　modes　of　farming　and　order　of　tillage　by　the　township。　Even　the　lord　himself　had　to　conform　to　the　customs　and　rules　set　up　by　the　community；　and　attempts　to　break　through　them；　although　they　become　frequent　enough　at　the　close　of　the　thirteenth　century；　and　especially　in　the　fourteenth；　are　met　by　a　resistance　which　sometimes　actually　leads　to　litigation。（16*）　The　freeholders　alone　have　access　to　the　courts；　but　in　practice　the　entire　body　of　the　tenantry　is　equally　concerned。　The　passage　towards　more　efficient　modes　of　cultivation　was　very　much　obstructed　by　these　customary　rules　as　to　rotation　of　crops；　which　flow　not　from　the　will　and　interest　of　single　owners；　but　from　the　decision　of　communities。　　　　　The　several　plots　and　holdings　do　not　lie　in　compact　I　patches；　but　are　formed　of　strips　intermixed　with　each　other。　The　so…called　open…field　system　has　been　treated　so　exhaustively　and　with　such　admirable　clearness　by　Seebohm；　that　I　need　not　detain　my　readers　in　order　to　discuss　it　at　length。　I　shall　merely　take　from　the　Eynsham　Cartulary　the　general　description　of　the　arable　of　Shifford；　Oxon。　It　consists　of　several　furlongs　or　areas；　more　or　less　rectangular　in　shape；　each　furlong　divided　into　a　certain　number　of　strips　（seliones）；　mostly　half　an　acre　or　a　rood　（quarter　acre）　in　width；　some　of　these　strips　get　shortened；　however　（seliones　curtae）；　or　sharpened　（gorae）；　according　to　the　shape　of　the　country。　At　right　angles　with　the　strips　in　the　fields　lie　the　'headlands'　（capitales）；　which　admit　to　other　strips　when　there　is　no　special　road　for　the　purpose。（17*）　When　the　area　under　tillage　abuts　against　some　obstacles；　as　against　a　highway；　a　river；　a　neighbouring　furlong；　the　strips　are　stunted　（buttae）。　Every　strip　is　separated　from　the　next　by　balks　on　even　ground；　and　linches　on　the　steep　slopes　of　a　hill。　The　holding　of　a　peasant；　free　or　villain；　has　been　appropriately　likened　to　a　bundle　of　these　strips　of　different　shapes；　the　component　parts　of　which　lie　intermixed　with　the　elements　of　other　holdings　in　the　different　fields　of　the　township。　There　is　e。g。　in　the　Alvingham　Cartulary　a　deed　by　which　John　Aysterby　grants　to　the　Priory　of　Alvingham　in　Lincolnshire　his　villain　Robert　and　half　a　bovate　of　land。（18*）　The　half…bovate　is　found　to　consist　of　twelve　strips　west　of　Alvingham　and　sixteen　strips　east　of　the　village；　the　several　plots　lie　among　similar　plots　owned　by　the　priory　and　by　other　peasants。　The　demesne　land　of　the　priory　is　also　situated　not　in　compact　areas；　but　in　strips　intermixed　with　those　of　the　tenantry；　in　the　'communal　fields'　according　to　the　phraseology　of　our　documents。　　　　　Such　a　distribution　of　the　arable　seems　odd　enough。　It　led　undoubtedly　to　very　great　inconvenience　in　many　ways：　it　was　difficult　for　the　owner　to　look　after　his　property　in　the　several　fields；　and　to　move　constantly　from　one　place　to　another　for　the　purposes　of　cultivation。　A　thrifty　husbandman　was　more　or　less　dependent　for　the　results　of　his　work　on　his　neighbours；　who　very　likely　were　not　thrifty。　The　strips　were　not　always　measured　with　exactness；（19*）　and　our　surveys　mention　curious　misunderstandings　in　this　respect：　it　happens　that　as　much　as　three　acres　belonging　to　a　particular　person　get　mislaid　somehow　and　cannot　be　identified。（20*）　It　is　needless　to　say　that　disputes　among　the　neighbours　were　rendered　especially　frequent　by　the　rough　way　of　dividing　the　strips；　and　by　the　cutting　up　of　the　holdings　into　narrow　strips　involving　a　very　long　line　of　boundary。　And　still　the　open…field　system；　with　the　intermixed　strips；　is　quite　a　prevalent　feature　of　mediaeval　husbandry　all　over　Europe。　It　covers　the　whole　area　occupied　by　the　village　community；　it　is　found　in　Russia　as　well　as　in　England。　　　　　Before　we　try　to　find　an　explanation　for　it；　I　shall　call　the　attention　of　the　reader　to　the　following　tale　preserved　by　an　ancient　survey　of　Dunstable　Priory。　I　think　that　the　record　may　suggest　the　explanation　with　the　more　authority　as　it　will　proceed　from　well…established　facts　and　not　from　suppositions。（21*）　The　story　goes　back　to　the　original　division　of　the　land　belonging　to　the　Wahull　manor　by　the　lords　de　Wahull　and　de　la　Lege。　The　former　had　to　receive　two…thirds　of　the　manor　and　the　latter　one…third：　a　note　explains　this　to　mean；　that　one　had　to　take　twenty　knight…fees　and　the　other　ten。　The　lord　de　Wahull　took　all　the　park　in　Segheho　and　the　entire　demesne　farm　in　'Bechebury'。　As　a　compensation　for　the　surrender　of　rights　on　the　part　of　his　fellow　parcener；　he　ordered　the　wood　and　pasture　called　Northwood　to　be　measured；　as　also　the　neighbouring　wood　called　Churlwood。　He　removed　all　the　peasants　who　lived　in　these　places；　and　had　also　the　arable　of　Segheho　measured；　and　it　was　found　that　there　were　eight　hides　of　villain　land。　Of　these　eight　hides　one…fourth　was　taken；　and　it　was　reckoned　that　this　fourth　was　an　equivalent　to　the　one…third　of　the　park　and　of　the　demesne　farm；　which　ought　by　right　to　have　gone　to　the　lord　de　la　Lege。　On　the　basis　of　this　estimation　an　exchange　was　effected。　In　the　time　of　the　war　（perhaps　the　rebellion　of　1173）　the　eight　hides　and　other　hides　in　Segheho　were　encroached　upon　and　appropriated　unrighteously　by　many；　and　for　this　reason　a　general　revision　of　the　holdings　was　undertaken　before　Walter　de　Wahull　and　Hugh　de　la　Lege　in　full　court　by　six　old　men；　it　was　made　out　to　which　of　the　hides　the　several　acres　belonged。　At　that　time；　when　all　the　tenants　in　Segheho　（knights；　freeholders；　and　others）　did　not　know　exactly　about　the　land　of　the　village　and　the　tenements；　and　when　each　man　was　contending　that　his　neighbours　held　unrighteously　and　more　than　they　ought；　all　the　people　decided　by　common　agreement　and　in　the　presence　of　the　lords　de　Wahull　and　de　la　Lege；　that　everybody　should　surrender　his　land　to　be　measured　anew　with　the　rood　by　the　old　men　as　if　the　ground　had　been　occupied　afresh：　every　one　had　to　receive　his　due　part　on　consideration　of　his　rights。　At　that　time　R。F。　admitted　that　he　and　his　predecessors　had　held　the　area　near　the　castle　unrighteously。　The　men　in　charge　of　the　distribution　divided　that　area　into　sixteen　strips　（buttos）；　and　these　were　divided　as　follows：　there　are　eight　hides　of　villain　land　in　Segheho　and　to　each　two　strips　were　apportioned。　　　　　The　narrative　is　curious　in　many　respects。　it　illustrates　beautifully　the　extent　to　which　the　intermixture　of　plots　was　carried；　and　the　inconveniences　consequent　upon　it。　Although　the　land　had　been　measured　and　divided　at　the　time　when　the　lord　de　Wahull　took　the　land；　everything　got　into　confusion　at　the　time　of　the　civil　war；　and　the　disputes　originated　not　in　violence　from　abroad　but　in　encroachments　of　the　village　people　among　themselves：　the　owners　of　conterminous　strips　were　constantly　quarrelling。　A　new　division　became　necessary；　and　it　took　place　under　circumst