vill3-第15节
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k is paid for it may receive the name of penyearth。（20*） The Gloucester survey speaks of the extra cultivation of an acre called Radacre； and the Ely surveys of an extra rood 'de Rytnesse。'（21*） I do not venture to suggest an explanation for these last terms； and I need not say that it would be easy to collect a much greater number of such terms in local use from the manorial records。 It is sufficient for my purpose to mark the chief distinctions。 All the other labour…services are performed more or less on the same system as the ploughings； with the fundamental difference that the number of men engaged in them has to be reckoned with more than the number of beasts。 The extents are especially full of details in their descriptions of reaping or mowing corn and grass； the process of thrashing is also mentioned； though more rarely。 In the case of meadows （mederipe） sometimes their dimensions are made the basis of calculation； sometimes the number of work…days which have to be employed in order to cut the grass。（22*） As to the corn…harvest； every holding has its number of acres assigned to it；（23*） or else it is enacted that every house has to send so many workmen during a certain number of days。（24*） If it is said that such and such a tenant is bound to work on the lord's field at harvest…time with twenty…eight men； it does not mean that he has to send out such a number every time； but that he has to furnish an amount of work equivalent to that performed by twenty…eight grown…up labourers in one； day。 It may be divided into fourteen days' work of two labourers； or into seven days' of four； and so forth。 Harvest…time is the most pressing time in the year for rural work； it is especially important not to lose the opportunity presented by fine weather to mow and garner in the crop before rain； and there may be only a few days of such weather at command。 For this reason extra labour is chiefly required during this season； and the village people are frequently asked to give extra help in connexion with it。 The system of precariae is even more developed on these occasions than in the case of ploughing。（25*） All the forces of the village are strained to go through the task； all the houses which open on the street send their labourers；（26*） and in most cases the entire population has to join in the work； with the exception of the housewives and perhaps of the marriageable daughters。（27*） The landlord treats the harvesters to food in order to make these exertions somewhat more palatable to them。（28*） These 'love…meals' are graduated according to a set system。 If the men are called out only once； they get their food and no drink： these are 'dry requests。' If they are made to go a second time； ale is served to them （precariae cerevisiae）。 The mutual obligations of lords and tenantry are settled very minutely；（29*） the latter may have to mow a particular acre with the object of saying 'thanks' for some concession on the part of the lord。（30*） The same kind of 'requests' are in use for mowing the meadows。 The duties of the peasants differ a great deal according to size of their holdings and their social position。 The greater number have of course to work with scythe and sickle； but the more wealthy are called upon to supervise the rest； to ride about with rods in their hands。（31*） On the other hand； a poor woman holds a messuage； and need do no more than carry water to the mowers。（32*） A very important item in the work necessary for medieval husbandry was the business of carrying produce from one part of the country to the other。 The manors of a great lord were usually dispersed in several counties； and even in the case of small landowners it was not very easy to arrange a regular communication with the market。 The obligation to provide horses and carts gains in importance accordingly。（33*） These averagia are laid out for short and long distances； and the peasants have to take their turn at them one after the other。（34*） They were bound to carry corn to London or Bristol according to the size of their holdings。（35*） Special importance was attached to the carriage of the 'farm；' that is of the products designed for the consumption of the lord。（36*） In some surveys we find the qualification that the peasants are not obliged to carry anything but such material as may be put on the fire； i。e。 used in the kitchen。（37*） In the manor itself there are many carriage duties to be performed： carts are required for the grain； or for spreading the dung。 The work of loading and of following the carts is imposed on those who are not able to provide the implements。（38*） And alongside of the duties of carriage by horses or oxen we find the corresponding manual duty。 The 'averagium super dorsum suum' falls on the small tenant who does not own either horses or oxen。（39*） Such small people are also made to drive the swine or geese to the market。（40*） The lord and his chief stewards must look sharp after the distribution of these duties in order to prevent wealthy tenants from being put to light duties through the protection of the bailiffs； who may be bribed for the purpose。（41*） It would be hard to imagine any kind of agricultural work which is not imposed on the peasantry in these manorial surveys。 The tenants mind the lord's ploughs； construct houses and booths for him； repair hedges and dykes； work in vineyards； wash and shear the sheep；（42*） etc。 In some cases the labour has to be undertaken by them； not in the regular run of their services； but by special agreement； as it were； in consideration of some particular right or permission granted to them。（43*） Also it happens from time to time that the people of one manor have to perform some services in another； for instance； because they use pasture in that other manor。（44*） Such 'forinsec' labour may be due even from tenants of a strange lord。 By the side of purely agricultural duties we find such as are required by the political or judicial organisation of the manor。 Peasants are bound to guard and hang thieves； to carry summonses and orders； to serve at the courts of the superior lord and of the king。（45*） In consequence of the great variety of these labour…services they had to be reduced to some chief and plain subdivisions for purposes of a general oversight。 Three main classes are very noticeable notwithstanding all variety the araturae； averagia； and ianuoperationes。 These last are also called hand…dainae or daywerke；（46*）。 and the records give sometimes the exact valuation of the work to be performed during a day in every kind of labour。 Sometimes all the different classes are added up under one head for a general reckoning； and without any distinction as to work performed by hand or with the help of horse or ox； Among the manors of Christ Church； Canterbury；（47*） for instance； we find at Borle '1480 work…days divided into 44 weeks of labour from the virgaters； 88 from the cotters； 320 from the tofters holding small tenements in the fields。' In Bockyng the work…days of 52 weeks are reckoned to be 3222。 It must be added； that when such a general summing up appears； it is mostly to be taken as an indication that the old system based on labour in kind is more or less shaken。 The aim of throwing together the different classes of work is to get a general valuation of its worth； and such a valuation in money is commonly placed by the side of the reckoning。 The single day…work yields sometimes only one penny or a little more； and the landlord is glad to exchange this cumbrous and cheap commodity for money…rents； even for small ones。 We must now proceed to examine the different forms assumed by payments in kind and money： they present a close parallel to the many varieties of labour…service。 Thirteenth…century documents are full of allusions to payments in kind… that most archaic form of arranging the relations between a lord and his subjects。 The peasants give corn under different names； and for various reasons： as gavelseed； in addition to the money…rent paid for their land。（48*） as foddercorn； of oats for the feeding of horses （49*）； as gathercorn； which a manorial servant has to collect or gather from the several homesteads。（50*） as corn…bole； a best sheaf levied at harvest…time。（51*） Of other provender supplied to the lord's household honey is the most common； both in combs and in a liquid form；（52*） Ale is sometimes brewed for the same purpose； and sometimes malt and braseum furnished as material to be used in the manorial farm；（53*） Animals are also given in rent； mostly sheep； lambs； and sucking…pigs； The mode of selection is peculiar in some cases。 In the Christ Church （Canterbury） manor of Monckton each sulung has to render two lambs； and the lord's servant has the right to take those which he pleases； whereupon the owner gets a receipt； evidently in view of subsequent compensation from the other co…owners of the sulung。（54*） If no suitable lamb is to be found； eight pence are paid instead of it as mail （mala）； on one of the estates of Gloucester Abbey a freeman has to come on St。 Peter's and Paul's day with a lamb of the value of 12d。； and besides； 12 pence in money are to be hung in a purse on the animal's neck。（55*） Poultry is brought almost everywhere； but these prestations are very di
