vill3-第14节

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26。　Cart。　of　Christ　Church；　Canterbury；　Add。　MSS。　6159。　f　21；　b：　'Sciendum　quod　dominus　potest　habere　in　communia　pasture　de　bosco　cum　aisiamento　friscorum　et　dominicorum　domini　tempore　apto　c　bidentes　per　maius　centum。'

27。　Bracton；　f　228；　b：　'Inprimis　videndum　est　qualiter　constitutio　illa　sit　intelligenda；　ne　male　intellecta　trahat　utentes　ad　abusum。。。　non　omnes　nec　in　omnibus　per　constitutionem　restringuntur；　et　ideo　videndum　erit　utrum　feoffati　fuerint　large；　scilicet　per　totum；　et　ubique；　et　in　omnibus　locis；　et　ad　omnia　averia　et　sine　numero。。。　tales　non　ligat　constitutio　memorata；　quia　feoffamentum　non　tollit　licet　tollat　abusum。'

28。　Note…book　of　Bracton；　1975。

29。　Note…book　of　Bracton；　1881。　The　marginal　note　runs：　'Nota　quod　nichil　includi　poterit　de　forestis　et　moris　licet　minimum　quid　et　quamuis　quaerens　extra　clausum　habere　possit　ad　sufficientiam。'　And　a　little　higher　the　decision　is　marked　as；　contra　constitutionem　de　Merton。'

30。　See　Scrutton；　63；　64。

31。　Bracton；　f　227；　b：　'Quia　multi　sunt　magnates　qui　feoffauerunt　milites　et　libere　tenentes　suos　in　maneriis　suis　de　paruis　tenementis；　et　qui　impedlti　sunt　per　eosdem　quod　commodum　suum　facere　non　possunt　de　residuo　maneriorum　suorum。'　Reference　may　also　be　made　to　a　note　on　a　Plea　Roll　of　1221　（printed　in　L。　Q。　R。　iv。　230）；　which　shows　that　some　years　before　the　statute　the　magnates　complained　that　they　were　prevented　from　assarting　their　pasture　land　by　the　claims　of　virgaters。

32。　This　is　directly　stated　by　Bracton；　f　228；　b。；　vide　supra。

33。　Cartulary　of　Christ　Church；　Canterbury；　Addit。　MSS。　6159；　f　52；　b：　'Pastura。。。　de　herbagiis　cuiusdam　vie　inter　curiam　et　ecclesiam　de　Pritelwelle。'　Domesday　of　St。　Paul's；　I：　'Nulla　est　ibi　pastura　nisi　in　boscis　et　viis。'

34。　Rot。　Hundr。　613；　b：　'Et　omnes　libere　tenentes。。。　communicant　in　bosco　de　A。　cum　omnibus　bestiis　suis　libere　per　totum　annum。'

35。　Eynsham　Cart。　10；　b：　'Est　ibidem　unus　boscus。。。　cuius　valor　non　appreciatur　pro　eo　quod　minister　regis　non　permittit　includi　si　fiat　copicium；　sufficiens　tamen　est　pro　housebote　et　heybote。'　Gloucester　Cart。　iii。　67：　'De　boscis　dicunt　quod　rex　habet　quandam　costeram　bosci　de　fago　juvene　quae　continet　ad　aestimationem　30　acras；　unde　rex　poterit　approbare　per　annum　dimidiam　marcam；　scilicet　in　subbosco　et　virgis　ad　clausturam；　et　meremium　ad　carucas　et　alia　facienda　sine　destructione；　et　ille　boscus　est　communis　omnibus　vicinis　in　herbagio。'

36。　Cart。　of　Christ　Church；　Canterbury；　Add。　MSS。　6159；　f　28；　b：　'Boscus　ibi　est　cuius　medietas　est　ecclesie　et　medietatem　clamant　tenentes　illius　denne；　ut　si　dominus　arborem　unam　accipiat；　ipsi　aliam　accipient。'

37。　Worcester　Cart。　（Camden　Ser。）；　62；　b：　'Quaelibet　virgata　tenet　3　feorthendels　de　Bruera；　et　dimidia　virgata　I　feorthendel　et　dimidium。'

38。　For　instance；　Madox；　Exch。　I；　27；　n。　47：　'Habebunt　turbas　sufficientes　in　predicta　mora　ad　focalium　fratrum。。。　secundum　quantitatem　terrarum　suarum　in　eadem　villa。'

39。　A　very　remarkable　instance　of　the　way　in　which　rights　of　common　were　divided　and　arranged　between　lords　and　villains　is　afforded　by　the　Court　Rolls　of　Brightwaltham。　Maitland；　Manorial　Rolls；　Selden　Soc。　ii。　172。　I　shall　have　to　discuss　the　Case　in　the　Fifth　Chapter　of　this　Essay。

Chapter　3

Rural　Work　and　Rents

　　　　Our　best　means　of　judging　of　the　daily　work　in　an　English　village　of　the　thirteenth　century　is　to　study　the　detailed　accounts　of　operations　and　payments　imposed　on　the　tenants　for　the　benefit　of　a　manorial　lord。　Surveys；　extents；　or　inquisitions　were　drawn　up　chiefly　for　the　purpose　of　settling　these　duties；　and　the　wealth　of　material　they　afford　enables　us　to　form　a　judgment　as　to　several　interesting　questions。　It　tells　directly　of　the　burden　which　rural　workmen　had　to　bear　in　the　aristocratical　structure　of　society；　it　gives　indirectly　an　insight　into　all　the　ramifications　of　labour　and　production　since　the　dues　received　by　the　lord　were　a　kind　of　natural　percentage　upon　all　the　work　of　the　tenants；　the　combination　of　its　details　into　one　whole　affords　many　a　clue　to　the　social　standing　and　history　of　the　peasant　classes　of　which　we　have　been　treating。　　　　　Let　us　begin　by　a　survey　of　the　different　kinds　of　labour　duties　performed　by　the　dependent　holdings　which。　clustered　round　the　manorial　centre。　Foremost　stands　ploughing　and　the　operations　connected　with　it。　The　cultivation　of　the　demesne　soil　of　a　manor　depended　largely　on　the　help　of　the　peasantry。　By　the　side　of　the　ploughs　and　plough…teams　owned　by　the　lord　himself；　the　plough…teams　of　his　villains　are　made　to　till　his　land；　and　manorial　extents　commonly　mention　that　the　demesne　portion　has　to　be　cultivated　by　the　help　of　village　customs；　'cum　consuetudinibus　villae。'（1*）　The　duties　of　every　householder　in　this　respect　are　reckoned　up　in　different　ways。　Sometimes　every　dependent　plough　has　its　number　of　acres　assigned　to　it；　and　the　joint　owners　of　its　team　are　left　to　settle　between　themselves　the　proportions　in　which　they　will　have　to　co…operate　for　the　performance　of　the　duty。（2*）　In　most　cases　the　'extent'　fixes　the　amount　due　from　each　individual　holder。　For　instance；　every　virgater　is　to　plough　one　acre　in　every　week。　This　can　only　mean　that　one　acre　of　the　lord's　land　is　reckoned　on　every　single　virgate　in　one　week；　without　any　reference　to　the　fact　that　only　one　part　of　the　team　is　owned　by　the　peasant。　If；　for　example；　there　were　four　virgaters　to　share　in　the　ownership　of　the　plough；　the　expression　under　our　notice　would　mean　that　every　team　has　to　plough　four　acres　in　the　week。（3*）　But　the　ploughs　may　be　small；　or　the　virgaters　exceptionally　wealthy；　and　their　compound　plough　team　may　have　to　cultivate　only　three　acres　or　even　less。　The　lord　in　this　case　reckons　with　labour…weeks　and　acres；　not　with　teams　and　days…work。　A　third　possibility　would　be　to　base　the　reckoning　on　the　number　of　days　which　a　team　or　a　holder　has　to　give　to　the　lord。（4*）　A　fourth；　to　lay　on　the　imposition　in　one　lump　by　requiring　a　certain　number　of　acres　to　be　tilled；　or　a　certain　number　of　days　of　ploughing。（5*）　It　must　be　added；　that　the　peasants　have　often　to　supplement　their　ploughing　work　by　harrowing；　according　to　one　of　these　various　systems　of　apportionment。（6*）　　　　　The　duties　here　described　present　only　a　variation　of　the　common　'week…work'　of　the　peasant；　its　application　to　a　certain　kind　of　labour。　They　could　on　occasion　be　replaced　by　some　other　work；（7*）　or　the　lord　might　lose　them　if　the　time　assigned　for　them　was　quite　unsuitable　for　work。（8*）　There　is　another　form　of　ploughing　called　gafol…earth；　which　has　no　reference　to　any　particular　time…limits。　A　patch　of　the　lord's　land　is　assigned　to　the　homage　for　cultivation；　and　every　tenant　gets　his　share　in　the　work　according　to　the　size　of　his　holding。　Gafol…earth　is　not　only　ploughed　but　mostly　sown　by　the　peasantry。（9*）　　　　　A　third　species　of　ploughing…duty　is　the　so…called　averearth。　or　grass…earth。　This　obligation　arises　when　the　peasants　want　more　pasture　than　they　are　entitled　to　use　by　their　customary　rights　of　common。　The　lord　may　grant　the　permission　to　use　the　pasture　reserved　for　him；　and　exacts　ploughings　in　return　according　to　the　number　of　heads　of　cattle　sent　to　the　pasturage。（10*）　Sometimes　the　same　imposition　is　levied　when　more　cattle　are　sent　to　the　commons　than　a　holding　has　a　right　to　drive　on　them。（11*）　It　is　not　impossible　that　in　some　cases　the　very　use　of　rights　of　common　Was　made　dependent　on　the　performance　of　such　duties。（12*）　A　kindred　exaction　was　imposed　for　the　use　of　the　meadows。（13*）　Local　variations　have；　of　course；　to　be　taken　largely　into　account　in　all　such　matters：　the　distinction　between　gafol…earth　and　grass…earth；　for　instance；　though　drawn　very　sharply　in　most　cases；　gets　somewhat　confused　in　others。　　　　　Manorial　records　mention　a　fourth　variety　of　ploughing　work　under　the　name　of　ben…earth；　precariae　carucarum。　This　is　extra　work　in　opposition　to　the　common　ploughings　described　before。（14*）　It　is　assumed　that　the　subject　population　is　ready　to　help　the　lord　for　the　tillage　of　his　land；　even　beyond　the　customary　duties　imposed　on　it。　It　sends　its　ploughs　three　or　four　times　a　year　'out　of　love；'　and　'for　the　asking。'　It　may　be　conjectured　how　agreeable　this　duty　must　have　been　in　reality；　and　indeed　by　the　side　of　its　common　denominations；　as　boon…work　and　asked…work；　we　find　much　rougher　terms　in　the　speech　of　some　districts　　it　is　deemed　unlawenearth　and　godlesebene。（15*）　It　must　be　said；　however；　that　the　lord　generally　provided　food　on　these　occasions；　and　even　went　so　far　as　to　pay　for　such　extra　work。　　　　　Other　expressions　occur　in　certain　localities；　which　are　sometimes　difficult　of　explanation。　Lentenearth；（16*）　in　the　manors　of　Ely　Minster；　means　evidently　an　extra　ploughing　in　Lent。　The　same　Ely　records　exhibit　a　ploughing　called　Filstnerthe　or　Filsingerthe；（17*）　which　may　be　identical　with　the　Lentenearth　just　mentioned：　a　fastnyngseed　（18*）　occurs　at　any　rate　which　seem　s　connected　with　the　ploughing　under　discussion。　The　same　extra　work　in　Lent　is　called　Tywe　（19*）　in　the　Custumal　of　Bleadon；　Somersetshire。　When　the　ploughing…work　is　paid　for　it　may　receive　the　name　of　penyearth。（20*）　The　Gloucester　survey　sp