Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > russia in 1919(1919µÄ¶í¹ú) >

µÚ20½Ú

russia in 1919(1919µÄ¶í¹ú)-µÚ20½Ú

С˵£º russia in 1919(1919µÄ¶í¹ú) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




Her¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡dependence¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡imports¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡abroad¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡lessening¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡gave¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡

example¡¡in¡¡salt£»¡¡the¡¡urgent¡¡need¡¡of¡¡which¡¡has¡¡led¡¡to¡¡the¡¡opening¡¡of¡¡a¡¡new¡¡

industry£»¡¡whose¡¡resources¡¡are¡¡such¡¡as¡¡to¡¡enable¡¡Russia¡¡not¡¡only¡¡to¡¡supply¡¡

herself¡¡with¡¡salt£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡world¡¡as¡¡well¡¡if¡¡need¡¡should¡¡be¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡asked¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡what¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡immediate¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡plans¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡regard¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

electrification¡¡of¡¡Moscow¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡said¡¡that¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡water¡¡power¡¡near¡¡

Moscow¡¡but¡¡big¡¡turf¡¡deposits¡¡which¡¡would¡¡be¡¡used¡¡as¡¡fuel¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡order¡¡not¡¡

to¡¡¡¡¡¡interfere¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡actual¡¡¡¡¡¡lighting¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡town¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡­station¡¡

already¡¡in¡¡existence£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡taking¡¡the¡¡electric¡¡plant¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Provodnik¡¡

works£»¡¡which¡¡will¡¡supply¡¡enough¡¡electricity¡¡for¡¡the¡¡lighting¡¡of¡¡the¡¡town¡£¡¡

As¡¡soon¡¡as¡¡that¡¡is¡¡set¡¡up¡¡and¡¡working£»¡¡they¡¡will¡¡use¡¡it¡¡for¡¡the¡¡immediate¡¡

needs¡¡of¡¡Moscow£»¡¡and¡¡set¡¡about¡¡transferring¡¡the¡¡existing¡¡power¡­station¡¡to¡¡

the¡¡new¡¡situation¡¡near¡¡the¡¡turf¡¡beds¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡this¡¡way¡¡they¡¡hope¡¡to¡¡carry¡¡out¡¡

the¡¡change¡¡from¡¡coal¡¡to¡¡turf¡¡without¡¡interfering¡¡with¡¡the¡¡ordinary¡¡life¡¡of¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡73¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡RUSSIA¡¡IN¡¡1919¡¡



the¡¡town¡£¡¡Eventually¡¡when¡¡things¡¡settle¡¡down¡¡they¡¡will¡¡get¡¡a¡¡larger¡¡plant¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡said£»¡¡¡¨Of¡¡course¡¡you¡¡have¡¡a¡¡double¡¡object¡¡in¡¡this£»¡¡not¡¡only¡¡to¡¡lessen¡¡

the¡¡¡¡¡¡dependence¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡industrial¡¡¡¡¡¡districts¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡fuel¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡brought¡¡

from¡¡a¡¡distance£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡which¡¡you¡¡may¡¡be¡¡deprived£»¡¡but¡¡also¡¡to¡¡lessen¡¡the¡¡

strain¡¡on¡¡transport£¡¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Yes£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡said¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Indeed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡moment¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡latter¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡our¡¡

greatest¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡difficulty£»¡¡¡¡¡¡hampering¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡everything¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡wish¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡do¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡

transport¡¡we¡¡cannot¡¡put¡¡right¡¡without¡¡help¡¡from¡¡abroad¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Therefore¡¡we¡¡do¡¡

everything¡¡we¡¡can¡¡to¡¡use¡¡local¡¡resources£»¡¡and¡¡are¡¡even¡¡developing¡¡the¡¡coal¡¡

deposits¡¡¡¡¡¡near¡¡¡¡¡¡Moscow£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡inferior¡¡¡¡¡¡quality¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Donetz¡¡¡¡¡¡coal£»¡¡

and¡¡were¡¡in¡¡the¡¡old¡¡days¡¡purposely¡¡smothered¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Donetz¡¡coal¡­owners£»¡¡

who¡¡wished¡¡to¡¡preserve¡¡their¡¡monopoly¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡asked¡¡him¡¡¡¡if¡¡in¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡opinion¡¡Russia¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡organize¡¡herself¡¡¡¡without¡¡

help¡¡from¡¡abroad¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡said£»¡¡¡¨I¡¡rather¡¡think¡¡she¡¡will¡¡have¡¡to¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡want¡¡

steam¡¡¡¡¡¡dredgers£»¡¡¡¡¡¡steam¡¡¡¡¡¡excavators£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡locomotives¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡all£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡

have¡¡¡¡¡¡small¡¡¡¡¡¡hope¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡getting¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡immediate¡¡¡¡¡¡future£»¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

effects¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡¡have¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡serious¡¡in¡¡the¡¡disorganization¡¡of¡¡industry¡¡

in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡western¡¡¡¡¡¡countries¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡doubtful¡¡¡¡¡¡whether¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

position¡¡to¡¡supply¡¡even¡¡their¡¡own¡¡needs¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡While¡¡we¡¡were¡¡talking¡¡Berg£»¡¡the¡¡secretary£»¡¡came¡¡in¡£¡¡I¡¡asked¡¡him¡¡how¡¡

his¡¡¡¡¡¡Soviet¡¡¡¡¡¡matches¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡progressing£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡said¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡labels¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡

being¡¡¡¡¡¡printed¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡lot¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡soon¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡ready¡£¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

distributed¡¡on¡¡the¡¡card¡¡system£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡had¡¡calculated¡¡that¡¡they¡¡could¡¡sell¡¡

them¡¡at¡¡twelve¡¡kopecks¡¡a¡¡packet¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡paid¡¡a¡¡rouble¡¡for¡¡a¡¡box¡¡of¡¡ordinary¡¡

matches¡¡at¡¡Bieloostrov£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡rouble¡¡and¡¡a¡¡half¡¡here¡£¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡74¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡RUSSIA¡¡IN¡¡1919¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡RACE¡¡WITH¡¡RUIN¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡After¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡leaving¡¡¡¡¡¡Rykov¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡went¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡see¡¡¡¡¡¡Krestinsky£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Commissar¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

Finance£»¡¡the¡¡curious¡¡little¡¡optimist¡¡whose¡¡report¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Extraordinary¡¡Tax¡¡I¡¡

had¡¡heard¡¡at¡¡the¡¡last¡¡meeting¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Executive¡¡Committee¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡found¡¡him¡¡in¡¡

the¡¡Ilyinka¡¡street£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Chinese¡¡town¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡began¡¡by¡¡telling¡¡him¡¡that¡¡I¡¡did¡¡

not¡¡believe¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡meant¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡pay¡¡the¡¡loans¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡laughed¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡gave¡¡¡¡me¡¡

precisely¡¡the¡¡answer¡¡I¡¡had¡¡expected£º¡¡¡¨Of¡¡course¡¡we¡¡hope¡¡there¡¡will¡¡be¡¡a¡¡

revolution¡¡in¡¡other¡¡countries£»¡¡in¡¡which¡¡case¡¡they¡¡will¡¡repudiate¡¡their¡¡debts¡¡

and¡¡forgive¡¡us¡¡ours¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡if¡¡that¡¡does¡¡not¡¡happen¡¡we¡¡know¡¡very¡¡well¡¡that¡¡

we¡¡shall¡¡have¡¡to¡¡pay£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡are¡¡prepared¡¡to¡¡pay£»¡¡and¡¡shall¡¡be¡¡able¡¡to¡¡pay£»¡¡

in¡¡¡¡¡¡concessions£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡raw¡¡¡¡¡¡material¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡need¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡need¡¡

gold¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Then£»¡¡being¡¡myself¡¡neither¡¡an¡¡economist¡¡nor¡¡a¡¡theoretical¡¡socialist£»¡¡I¡¡

put¡¡before¡¡him¡¡what¡¡had¡¡been¡¡said¡¡to¡¡me¡¡in¡¡Stockholm¡¡by¡¡an¡¡Englishman¡¡

who¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡both¡¡¡¡¡¡one¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡other£»¡¡¡¡¡¡namely£»¡¡¡¡¡¡that£»¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡isolated¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡

European¡¡finance£»¡¡the¡¡Soviet¡¡Government¡¡of¡¡Russia¡¡was¡¡bound¡¡to¡¡come¡¡to¡¡

an¡¡end¡¡on¡¡economic¡¡and¡¡financial¡¡grounds¡¡alone¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡said£º¡¡¡¨That¡¡would¡¡certainly¡¡be¡¡so£»¡¡if¡¡rising¡¡prices£»¡¡rising¡¡wages£»¡¡

were¡¡to¡¡mean¡¡indefinitely¡¡increased¡¡demands¡¡on¡¡the¡¡printing¡¡machines¡¡for¡¡

paper¡¡money¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But£»¡¡while¡¡we¡¡are¡¡at¡¡present¡¡forced¡¡to¡¡print¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡

money£»¡¡another¡¡process¡¡is¡¡at¡¡work¡¡which£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡long¡¡run£»¡¡will¡¡bring¡¡this¡¡

state¡¡of¡¡things¡¡to¡¡an¡¡end¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Just¡¡as¡¡in¡¡our¡¡dealings¡¡with¡¡other¡¡countries¡¡we¡¡

exchange¡¡goods¡¡instead¡¡of¡¡paying¡¡in¡¡money£»¡¡so¡¡within¡¡our¡¡own¡¡frontiers¡¡

money¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡ceasing¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡sole¡¡¡¡¡¡medium¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡exchange¡£¡¡¡¡Gradually¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

workmen¡¡are¡¡coming¡¡to¡¡receive¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡in¡¡other¡¡forms¡¡than¡¡money¡£¡¡

Houses£»¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡example£»¡¡¡¡¡¡lighting¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡heating¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡beginning¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡These¡¡

things¡¡being¡¡state¡¡monopolies£»¡¡the¡¡task¡¡of¡¡supplying¡¡the¡¡workman's¡¡needs¡¡

without¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡money¡¡is¡¡comparatively¡¡easy¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡chief¡¡difficulty¡¡is£»¡¡

of¡¡¡¡¡¡course£»¡¡¡¡¡¡food¡¡¡¡¡¡supplies£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡depend¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡ability¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡keep¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡an¡¡

exchange¡¡of¡¡goods¡¡with¡¡the¡¡villages¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If¡¡we¡¡can¡¡supply¡¡the¡¡villages¡¡with¡¡

manufactured¡¡goods£»¡¡they¡¡will¡¡supply¡¡us¡¡with¡¡food¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡You¡¡can¡¡fairly¡¡say¡¡

that¡¡our¡¡ruin¡¡or¡¡salvation¡¡depends¡¡on¡¡a¡¡race¡¡between¡¡the¡¡decreasing¡¡value¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡75¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡RUSSIA¡¡IN¡¡1919¡¡



of¡¡¡¡¡¡money¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨with¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡consequent¡¡¡¡¡¡need¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡printing¡¡¡¡¡¡notes¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡ever¡¡¡¡¡¡greater¡¡

quantities£©¡¡and¡¡our¡¡growing¡¡ability¡¡to¡¡do¡¡without¡¡money¡¡altogether¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡That¡¡

is¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡a¡¡broad¡¡view£»¡¡and¡¡you¡¡must¡¡not¡¡for¡¡a¡¡moment¡¡suppose¡¡that¡¡we¡¡

expect¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡do¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡money¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡immediate¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡future¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡am¡¡¡¡¡¡merely¡¡

showing¡¡¡¡¡¡you¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡two¡¡¡¡¡¡opposing¡¡¡¡¡¡tendencies¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡economic¡¡¡¡¡¡fate¡¡

depends¡£¡¨¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡will¡¡not¡¡set¡¡down¡¡here¡¡what¡¡he¡¡said¡¡about¡¡the¡¡Extraordinary¡¡Tax£»¡¡for¡¡

it¡¡was¡¡merely¡¡a¡¡repetition¡¡of¡¡what¡¡I¡¡had¡¡heard¡¡him¡¡say¡¡in¡¡committee¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡

connection¡¡with¡¡it£»¡¡however£»¡¡he¡¡admitted¡¡that¡¡capitalism¡¡and¡¡profiteering¡¡

were¡¡hard¡¡things¡¡to¡¡root¡¡out£»¡¡saying¡¡that¡¡they¡¡had¡¡great¡¡difficulty¡¡in¡¡getting¡¡

at¡¡what¡¡he¡¡called¡¡¡¨the¡¡new¡¡bourgeoisie£»¡¨¡¡namely¡¡the¡¡speculators¡¡who¡¡have¡¡

made¡¡¡¡¡¡fortunes¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡revolution¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡selling¡¡¡¡¡¡scarce¡¡¡¡¡¡food¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡products¡¡¡¡¡¡at¡¡

fantastic¡¡prices¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡was¡¡difficult¡¡to¡¡tax¡¡them¡¡because¡¡they¡¡carried¡¡on¡¡their¡¡

operations¡¡secretly¡¡and¡¡it¡¡was¡¡next¡¡to¡¡impossible¡¡to¡¡find¡¡out¡¡who¡¡they¡¡were¡£¡¡

They¡¡did¡¡not¡¡bank¡¡their¡¡money£»¡¡and¡¡though¡¡an¡¡attempt¡¡had¡¡been¡¡made¡¡to¡¡

get¡¡at¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡through¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡house¡¡¡¡¡¡committees£»¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡

committees¡¡were¡¡unable¡¡to¡¡detect¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡will£»¡¡however£»¡¡be¡¡made¡¡to¡¡

disgorge¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡ill¡­gotten¡¡¡¡¡¡gains¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡measure¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡proposed¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡

Sokolnikov¡¡last¡¡summer¡¡is¡¡put¡¡into¡¡practice¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡is¡¡a¡¡general¡¡exchange¡¡

of¡¡new¡¡money¡¡for¡¡old£»¡¡after¡¡which¡¡the¡¡old¡¡will¡¡be¡¡declared¡¡invalid¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨Of¡¡

course£»¡¨¡¡said¡¡Krestinsky£»¡¡¡¨they¡¡will¡¡cheat¡¡in¡¡every¡¡possible¡¡way£»¡¡scattering¡¡

out¡¡the¡¡money¡¡among¡¡a¡¡number¡¡of¡¡friends¡¡and¡¡relations¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡something¡¡

will¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡done¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡cleaning¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡up£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡process¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡be¡¡

completed¡¡by¡¡a¡¡second¡¡exchange¡¡of¡¡money¡¡later¡¡on¡£¡¨¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Fifteen¡¡¡¡¡¡milliards¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡new¡¡¡¡notes¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡¡¡exchange¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡already¡¡

printed£»¡¡but¡¡they¡¡think¡¡that¡¡twenty¡¡milliards¡¡will¡¡be¡¡necessary¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡asked¡¡if¡¡the¡¡new¡¡money¡¡was¡¡better¡¡looking¡¡than¡¡the¡¡old£»¡¡if¡¡it¡¡looked¡¡

more¡¡¡¡¡¡like¡¡¡¡¡¡money¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡worth¡¡¡¡¡¡having¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡wretched¡¡¡¡¡¡little¡¡¡¡¡¡notes¡¡

printed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Provisional¡¡Government¡¡and¡¡scornfully¡¡called¡¡¡¨Kerenkies¡¨¡¡

by¡¡the¡¡populace¡£¡¡Krestinsky¡¡said¡¡he¡¡was¡¡afraid¡¡not£»¡¡but¡¡that¡¡the¡¡second¡¡and¡¡

final¡¡¡¡¡¡exchange¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡made¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡notes¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡expected¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡be¡¡

permanent¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡They¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡did¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡expect¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡notes¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡first¡¡¡¡exchange¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

circulate¡¡abroad£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡notes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡second¡¡would¡¡carry¡¡with¡¡them¡¡state¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡76¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡RUSSIA¡¡IN¡¡1919¡¡



obligation¡¡and¡¡they¡¡expected¡¡them¡¡to¡¡go¡¡into¡¡general¡¡currency¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡added£»¡¡

smiling¡¡that¡¡the¡¡words¡¡¡¨Proletariat¡¡of¡¡all¡¡lands£»¡¡unite£»¡¨¡¡were¡¡to¡¡appear¡¡on¡¡

the¡¡notes¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡eight¡¡¡¡¡¡languages¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡question¡¡of¡¡the¡¡look¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡notes£»¡¡¡¡of¡¡

their¡¡¡¡¡¡ability¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡inspire¡¡¡¡¡¡confidence¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡mere¡¡¡¡¡¡appearance£»¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡real¡¡

importance¡¡in¡¡a¡¡country¡¡where¡¡so¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡peasantry¡¡will¡¡judg

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ