russia in 1919(1919的俄国)-第11节
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use； and he said to me that if I wanted to see Kamenev I had better come
along。 We found Kamenev in the hall； and after a few minutes in a little
Ford car we were at the Moscow Soviet。 The Soviet meets in the small
lecture theatre of the old Polytechnic。 When we arrived； a party meeting
was going on； and Kamenev； Litvinov； and I went behind the stage to a
little empty room； where we were joined by a member of the Soviet whose
name I forget。
It was Kamenev's first talk with Litvinov after his return； and I think
they forgot that I was there。 Kamenev asked Litvinov what he meant to
do； and Litvinov told him he wished to establish a special department of
control to receive all complaints； to examine into the efficiency of
different commissariats； to get rid of parallelism； etc。； and； in fact； to be
the most unpopular department in Moscow。 Kamenev laughed。 〃You
need not think you are the first to have that idea。 Every returning envoy
without exception has the same。 Coming back from abroad they notice
more than we do the inefficiencies here； and at once think they will set
everything right。 Rakovsky sat here for months dreaming of nothing else。
Joffe was the same when he came back from that tidy Berlin。 Now you；
and when Vorovsky comes （Vorovsky was still in Petrograd） I am ready to
wager that he too has a scheme for general control waiting in his pocket。
The thing cannot be done。 The only way is； when something obviously
needs doing； to put in some one we can trust to get it done。 Soap is hard
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RUSSIA IN 1919
to get。 Good。 Establish a commission and soap instantly disappears。
But put in one man to see that soap is forthcoming； and somehow or other
we get it。〃
〃Where is the soap industry concentrated？〃
〃There are good factories； well equipped； here； but they are not
working； partly for lack of material and partly； perhaps； because some
crazy fool imagined that to take an inventory you must bring everything to
a standstill。〃
Litvinov asked him what he thought of the position as a whole。 He
said good； if only transport could be improved； but before the public of
Moscow could feel an appreciable improvement it would be necessary that
a hundred wagons of foodstuffs should be coming in daily。 At present
there are seldom more than twenty。 I asked Kamenev about the schools；
and he explained that one of their difficulties was due to the militarism
forced upon them by external attacks。 He explained that the new Red
Army soldiers； being mostly workmen； are accustomed to a higher
standard of comfort than the old army soldiers； who were mostly peasants。
They objected to the planks which served as beds in the old； abominable；
over…crowded and unhealthy barracks。 Trotsky； looking everywhere for
places to put his darlings； found nothing more suitable than the schools；
and； in Kamenev's words； 〃We have to fight hard for every school。〃
Another difficulty； he said； was the lack of school books。 Histories； for
example； written under the censorship and in accordance with the
principles of the old regime； were now useless； and new ones were not
ready； apart from the difficulty of getting paper and of printing。 A lot；
however； was being done。 There was no need for a single child in
Moscow to go hungry。 150；000 to 180；000 children got free meals daily in
the schools。 Over 10；000 pairs of felt boots had been given to children
who needed them。 The number of libraries had enormously increased。
Physically workmen lived in far worse conditions than in 1912； but as far
as their spiritual welfare was concerned there could be no comparison。
Places like the famous Yar restaurant； where once the rich went to amuse
themselves with orgies of feeding and drinking and flirting with gypsies；
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RUSSIA IN 1919
were now made into working men's clubs and theatres； where every
working man had a right to go。 As for the demand for literature from the
provinces； it was far beyond the utmost efforts of the presses and the paper
stores to supply。
When the party meeting ended； we went back to the lecture room
where the members of the Soviet had already settled themselves in their
places。 I was struck at once by the absence of the general public which
in the old days used to crowd the galleries to overflowing。 The political
excitement of the revolution has passed； and today there were no more
spectators than are usually to be found in the gallery of the House of
Commons。 The character of the Soviet itself had not changed。
Practically every man sitting on the benches was obviously a workman
and keenly intent on what was being said。 Litvinov practically repeated
his speech of last night； making it； however； a little more demagogic in
character； pointing out that after the Allied victory； the only corner of the
world not dominated by Allied capital was Soviet Russia。
The Soviet passed a resolution expressing 〃firm confidence that the
Soviet Government will succeed in getting peace and so in opening a wide
road to the construction of a proletarian state。〃 A note was passed up to
Kamenev who； glancing at it； announced that the newly elected
representative of the Chinese workmen in Moscow wished to speak。
This was Chitaya Kuni； a solid little Chinaman with a big head； in black
leather coat and breeches。 I had often seen him before； and wondered
who he was。 He was received with great cordiality and made a quiet；
rather shy speech in which he told them he was learning from them how to
introduce socialism in China； and more compliments of the same sort。
Reinstein replied； telling how at an American labour congress some years
back the Americans shut the door in the face of a representative of a union
of foreign workmen。 〃Such；〃 he said； 〃was the feeling in America at the
time when Gompers was supreme； but that time has passed。〃 Still； as I
listened to Reinstein； I wondered in how many other countries besides
Russia； a representative of foreign labour would be thus welcomed。 The
reason has probably little to do with the good…heartedness of the Russians。
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RUSSIA IN 1919
Owing to the general unification of wages Mr。 Kuni could not represent
the competition of cheap labour。 I talked to the Chinaman afterwards。
He is president of the Chinese Soviet。 He told me they had just about a
thousand Chinese workmen in Moscow； and therefore had a right to
representation in the government of the town。 I asked about the Chinese
in the Red Army； and he said there were two or three thousand； not more。
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RUSSIA IN 1919
AN EX…CAPITALIST
February 13th。
I drank tea with an old acquaintance from the provinces； a Russian
who； before the revolution； owned a leather…bag factory which worked in
close connection with his uncle's tannery。 He gave me a short history of
events at home。 The uncle had started with small capital； and during the
war had made enough to buy outright the tannery in which he had had
shares。 The story of his adventures since the October revolution is a very
good illustration of the rough and ready way in which theory gets
translated into practice。 I am writing it； as nearly as possible； as it was
told by the nephew。
During the first revolution； that is from March till October 1917； he
fought hard against the workmen； and was one of the founders of a
Soviet of factory owners； the object of which was to defeat the efforts of
the workers' Soviets。*
