太子爷小说网 > 英语电子书 > essays and lectures >

第2节

essays and lectures-第2节

小说: essays and lectures 字数: 每页4000字

按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!




attack; and re…writes history with a didactic purpose; laying down

certain ethical canons of historical criticism。  God is good; God

is just; God is true; God is without the common passions of men。

These are the tests to which we are to bring the stories of the

Greek religion。



'God predestines no men to ruin; nor sends destruction on innocent

cities; He never walks the earth in strange disguise; nor has to

mourn for the death of any well…beloved son。  Away with the tears

for Sarpedon; the lying dream sent to Agamemnon; and the story of

the broken covenant!'  (Plato; REPUBLIC; Book ii。 380; iii。 388;

391。)



Similar ethical canons are applied to the accounts of the heroes of

the days of old; and by the same A PRIORI principles Achilles is

rescued from the charges of avarice and insolence in a passage

which may be recited as the earliest instance of that 'whitewashing

of great men;' as it has been called; which is so popular in our

own day; when Catiline and Clodius are represented as honest and

far…seeing politicians; when EINE EDLE UND GUTE NATUR is claimed

for Tiberius; and Nero is rescued from his heritage of infamy as an

accomplished DILETTANTE whose moral aberrations are more than

excused by his exquisite artistic sense and charming tenor voice。



But besides the allegorising principle of interpretation; and the

ethical reconstruction of history; there was a third theory; which

may be called the semi…historical; and which goes by the name of

Euhemeros; though he was by no means the first to propound it。



Appealing to a fictitious monument which he declared that he had

discovered in the island of Panchaia; and which purported to be a

column erected by Zeus; and detailing the incidents of his reign on

earth; this shallow thinker attempted to show that the gods and

heroes of ancient Greece were 'mere ordinary mortals; whose

achievements had been a good deal exaggerated and misrepresented;'

and that the proper canon of historical criticism as regards the

treatment of myths was to rationalise the incredible; and to

present the plausible residuum as actual truth。



To him and his school; the centaurs; for instance; those mythical

sons of the storm; strange links between the lives of men and

animals; were merely some youths from the village of Nephele in

Thessaly; distinguished for their sporting tastes; the 'living

harvest of panoplied knights;' which sprang so mystically from the

dragon's teeth; a body of mercenary troops supported by the profits

on a successful speculation in ivory; and Actaeon; an ordinary

master of hounds; who; living before the days of subscription; was

eaten out of house and home by the expenses of his kennel。



Now; that under the glamour of myth and legend some substratum of

historical fact may lie; is a proposition rendered extremely

probable by the modern investigations into the workings of the

mythopoeic spirit in post…Christian times。  Charlemagne and Roland;

St。 Francis and William Tell; are none the less real personages

because their histories are filled with much that is fictitious and

incredible; but in all cases what is essentially necessary is some

external corroboration; such as is afforded by the mention of

Roland and Roncesvalles in the chronicles of England; or (in the

sphere of Greek legend) by the excavations of Hissarlik。  But to

rob a mythical narrative of its kernel of supernatural elements;

and to present the dry husk thus obtained as historical fact; is;

as has been well said; to mistake entirely the true method of

investigation and to identify plausibility with truth。



And as regards the critical point urged by Palaiphatos; Strabo; and

Polybius; that pure invention on Homer's part is inconceivable; we

may without scruple allow it; for myths; like constitutions; grow

gradually; and are not formed in a day。  But between a poet's

deliberate creation and historical accuracy there is a wide field

of the mythopoeic faculty。



This Euhemeristic theory was welcomed as an essentially

philosophical and critical method by the unscientific Romans; to

whom it was introduced by the poet Ennius; that pioneer of

cosmopolitan Hellenicism; and it continued to characterise the tone

of ancient thought on the question of the treatment of mythology

till the rise of Christianity; when it was turned by such writers

as Augustine and Minucius Felix into a formidable weapon of attack

on Paganism。  It was then abandoned by all those who still bent the

knee to Athena or to Zeus; and a general return; aided by the

philosophic mystics of Alexandria; to the allegorising principle of

interpretation took place; as the only means of saving the deities

of Olympus from the Titan assaults of the new Galilean God。  In

what vain defence; the statue of Mary set in the heart of the

Pantheon can best tell us。



Religions; however; may be absorbed; but they never are disproved;

and the stories of the Greek mythology; spiritualised by the

purifying influence of Christianity; reappear in many of the

southern parts of Europe in our own day。  The old fable that the

Greek gods took service with the new religion under assumed names

has more truth in it than the many care to discover。



Having now traced the progress of historical criticism in the

special treatment of myth and legend; I shall proceed to

investigate the form in which the same spirit manifested itself as

regards what one may term secular history and secular historians。

The field traversed will be found to be in some respects the same;

but the mental attitude; the spirit; the motive of investigation

are all changed。



There were heroes before the son of Atreus and historians before

Herodotus; yet the latter is rightly hailed as the father of

history; for in him we discover not merely the empirical connection

of cause and effect; but that constant reference to Laws; which is

the characteristic of the historian proper。



For all history must be essentially universal; not in the sense of

comprising all the synchronous events of the past time; but through

the universality of the principles employed。  And the great

conceptions which unify the work of Herodotus are such as even

modern thought has not yet rejected。  The immediate government of

the world by God; the nemesis and punishment which sin and pride

invariably bring with them; the revealing of God's purpose to His

people by signs and omens; by miracles and by prophecy; these are

to Herodotus the laws which govern the phenomena of history。  He is

essentially the type of supernatural historian; his eyes are ever

strained to discern the Spirit of God moving over the face of the

waters of life; he is more concerned with final than with efficient

causes。



Yet we can discern in him the rise of that HISTORIC SENSE which is

the rational antecedent of the science of historical criticism; the

'Greek text which cannot be reproduced'; to use the words of a

Greek writer; as opposed to that which comes either 'Greek text

which cannot be reproduced'。



He has passed through the valley of faith and has caught a glimpse

of the sunlit heights of Reason; but like all those who; while

accepting the supernatural; yet attempt to apply the canons of

rationalism; he is essentially inconsistent。  For the better

apprehension of the character of this historic sense in Herodotus

it will be necessary to examine at some length the various forms of

criticism in which it manifests itself。



Such fabulous stories as that of the Phoenix; of the goat…footed

men; of the headless beings with eyes in their breasts; of the men

who slept six months in the year ('Greek text which cannot be

reproduced'); of the wer…wolf of the Neuri; and the like; are

entirely rejected by him as being opposed to the ordinary

experience of life; and to those natural laws whose universal

influence the early Greek physical philosophers had already made

known to the world of thought。  Other legends; such as the suckling

of Cyrus by a bitch; or the feather…rain of northern Europe; are

rationalised and explained into a woman's name and a fall of snow。

The supernatural origin of the Scythian nation; from the union of

Hercules and the monstrous Echidna; is set aside by him for the

more probable account that they were a nomad tribe driven by the

Massagetae from Asia; and he appeals to the local names of their

country as proof of the fact that the Kimmerians were the original

possessors。



But in the case of Herodotus it will be more instructive to pass on

from points like these to those questions of general probability;

the true apprehension of which depends rather on a certain quality

of mind than on any possibility of formulated rules; questions

which form no unimportant part of scientific history; for it must

be remembered always that the canons of historical criticism are

essentially different from those of judicial evidence; for they

返回目录 上一页 下一页 回到顶部 0 0

你可能喜欢的