essays and lectures-第14节

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historian　is　a　mere　narrator　the　remark　is　undoubtedly　true。　　But

to　appreciate　the　harmony　and　rational　position　of　the　facts　of　a

great　epoch；　to　discover　its　laws；　the　causes　which　produced　it　and

the　effects　which　it　generates；　the　scene　must　be　viewed　from　a

certain　height　and　distance　to　be　completely　apprehended。　　A

thoroughly　contemporary　historian　such　as　Lord　Clarendon　or

Thucydides　is　in　reality　part　of　the　history　he　criticises；　and；　in

the　case　of　such　contemporary　historians　as　Fabius　and　Philistus；

Polybius　in　compelled　to　acknowledge　that　they　are　misled　by

patriotic　and　other　considerations。　　Against　Polybius　himself　no

such　accusation　can　be　made。　　He　indeed　of　all　men　is　able；　as　from

some　lofty　tower；　to　discern　the　whole　tendency　of　the　ancient

world；　the　triumph　of　Roman　institutions　and　of　Greek　thought　which

is　the　last　message　of　the　old　world　and；　in　a　more　spiritual

sense；　has　become　the　Gospel　of　the　new。



One　thing　indeed　he　did　not　see；　or　if　he　saw　it；　he　thought　but

little　of　it　…　how　from　the　East　there　was　spreading　over　the

world；　as　a　wave　spreads；　a　spiritual　inroad　of　new　religions　from

the　time　when　the　Pessinuntine　mother　of　the　gods；　a　shapeless　mass

of　stone；　was　brought　to　the　eternal　city　by　her　holiest　citizen；

to　the　day　when　the　ship　CASTOR　AND　POLLUX　stood　in　at　Puteoli；　and

St。　Paul　turned　his　face　towards　martyrdom　and　victory　at　Rome。

Polybius　was　able　to　predict；　from　his　knowledge　of　the　causes　of

revolutions　and　the　tendencies　of　the　various　forms　of　governments；

the　uprising　of　that　democratic　tone　of　thought　which；　as　soon　as　a

seed　is　sown　in　the　murder　of　the　Gracchi　and　the　exile　of　Marius；

culminated　as　all　democratic　movements　do　culminate；　in　the　supreme

authority　of　one　man；　the　lordship　of　the　world　under　the　world's

rightful　lord；　Caius　Julius　Caesar。　　This；　indeed；　he　saw　in　no

uncertain　way。　　But　the　turning　of　all　men's　hearts　to　the　East；

the　first　glimmering　of　that　splendid　dawn　which　broke　over　the

hills　of　Galilee　and　flooded　the　earth　like　wine；　was　hidden　from

his　eyes。



There　are　many　points　in　the　description　of　the　ideal　historian

which　one　may　compare　to　the　picture　which　Plato　has　given　us　of

the　ideal　philosopher。　　They　are　both　'spectators　of　all　time　and

all　existence。'　　Nothing　is　contemptible　in　their　eyes；　for　all

things　have　a　meaning；　and　they　both　walk　in　august　reasonableness

before　all　men；　conscious　of　the　workings　of　God　yet　free　from　all

terror　of　mendicant　priest　or　vagrant　miracle…worker。　　But　the

parallel　ends　here。　　For　the　one　stands　aloof　from　the　world…storm

of　sleet　and　hail；　his　eyes　fixed　on　distant　and　sunlit　heights；

loving　knowledge　for　the　sake　of　knowledge　and　wisdom　for　the　joy

of　wisdom；　while　the　other　is　an　eager　actor　in　the　world　ever

seeking　to　apply　his　knowledge　to　useful　things。　　Both　equally

desire　truth；　but　the　one　because　of　its　utility；　the　other　for　its

beauty。　　The　historian　regards　it　as　the　rational　principle　of　all

true　history；　and　no　more。　　To　the　other　it　comes　as　an　all…

pervading　and　mystic　enthusiasm；　'like　the　desire　of　strong　wine；

the　craving　of　ambition；　the　passionate　love　of　what　is　beautiful。'



Still；　though　we　miss　in　the　historian　those　higher　and　more

spiritual　qualities　which　the　philosopher　of　the　Academe　alone　of

all　men　possessed；　we　must　not　blind　ourselves　to　the　merits　of

that　great　rationalist　who　seems　to　have　anticipated　the　very

latest　words　of　modern　science。　　Nor　yet　is　he　to　be　regarded

merely　in　the　narrow　light　in　which　he　is　estimated　by　most　modern

critics；　as　the　explicit　champion　of　rationalism　and　nothing　more。

For　he　is　connected　with　another　idea；　the　course　of　which　is　as

the　course　of　that　great　river　of　his　native　Arcadia　which；

springing　from　some　arid　and　sun…bleached　rock；　gathers　strength

and　beauty　as　it　flows　till　it　reaches　the　asphodel　meadows　of

Olympia　and　the　light　and　laughter　of　Ionian　waters。



For　in　him　we　can　discern　the　first　notes　of　that　great　cult　of　the

seven…hilled　city　which　made　Virgil　write　his　epic　and　Livy　his

history；　which　found　in　Dante　its　highest　exponent；　which　dreamed

of　an　Empire　where　the　Emperor　would　care　for　the　bodies　and　the

Pope　for　the　souls　of　men；　and　so　has　passed　into　the　conception　of

God's　spiritual　empire　and　the　universal　brotherhood　of　man　and

widened　into　the　huge　ocean　of　universal　thought　as　the　Peneus

loses　itself　in　the　sea。



Polybius　is　the　last　scientific　historian　of　Greece。　　The　writer

who　seems　fittingly　to　complete　the　progress　of　thought　is　a　writer

of　biographies　only。　　I　will　not　here　touch　on　Plutarch's

employment　of　the　inductive　method　as　shown　in　his　constant　use　of

inscription　and　statue；　of　public　document　and　building　and　the

like；　because　it　involves　no　new　method。　　It　is　his　attitude

towards　miracles　of　which　I　desire　to　treat。



Plutarch　is　philosophic　enough　to　see　that　in　the　sense　of　a

violation　of　the　laws　of　nature　a　miracle　is　impossible。　　It　is

absurd；　he　says；　to　imagine　that　the　statue　of　a　saint　can　speak；

and　that　an　inanimate　object　not　possessing　the　vocal　organs　should

be　able　to　utter　an　articulate　sound。　　Upon　the　other　hand；　he

protests　against　science　imagining　that；　by　explaining　the　natural

causes　of　things；　it　has　explained　away　their　transcendental

meaning。　　'When　the　tears　on　the　cheek　of　some　holy　statue　have

been　analysed　into　the　moisture　which　certain　temperatures　produce

on　wood　and　marble；　it　yet　by　no　means　follows　that　they　were　not　a

sign　of　grief　and　mourning　set　there　by　God　Himself。'　　When　Lampon

saw　in　the　prodigy　of　the　one…horned　ram　the　omen　of　the　supreme

rule　of　Pericles；　and　when　Anaxagoras　showed　that　the　abnormal

development　was　the　rational　resultant　of　the　peculiar　formation　of

the　skull；　the　dreamer　and　the　man　of　science　were　both　right；　it

was　the　business　of　the　latter　to　consider　how　the　prodigy　came

about；　of　the　former　to　show　why　it　was　so　formed　and　what　it　so

portended。　　The　progression　of　thought　is　exemplified　in　all

particulars。　　Herodotus　had　a　glimmering　sense　of　the　impossibility

of　a　violation　of　nature。　　Thucydides　ignored　the　supernatural。

Polybius　rationalised　it。　　Plutarch　raises　it　to　its　mystical

heights　again；　though　he　bases　it　on　law。　　In　a　word；　Plutarch　felt

that　while　science　brings　the　supernatural　down　to　the　natural；　yet

ultimately　all　that　is　natural　is　really　supernatural。　　To　him；　as

to　many　of　our　own　day；　religion　was　that　transcendental　attitude

of　the　mind　which；　contemplating　a　world　resting　on　inviolable　law；

is　yet　comforted　and　seeks　to　worship　God　not　in　the　violation　but

in　the　fulfilment　of　nature。



It　may　seem　paradoxical　to　quote　in　connection　with　the　priest　of

Chaeronea　such　a　pure　rationalist　as　Mr。　Herbert　Spencer；　yet　when

we　read　as　the　last　message　of　modern　science　that　'when　the

equation　of　life　has　been　reduced　to　its　lowest　terms　the　symbols

are　symbols　still；'　mere　signs；　that　is；　of　that　unknown　reality

which　underlies　all　matter　and　all　spirit；　we　may　feel　how　over　the

wide　strait　of　centuries　thought　calls　to　thought　and　how　Plutarch

has　a　higher　position　than　is　usually　claimed　for　him　in　the

progress　of　the　Greek　intellect。



And；　indeed；　it　seems　that　not　merely　the　importance　of　Plutarch

himself　but　also　that　of　the　land　of　his　birth　in　the　evolution　of

Greek　civilisation　has　been　passed　over　by　modern　critics。　　To　us；

indeed；　the　bare　rock　to　which　the　Parthenon　serves　as　a　crown；　and

which　lies　between　Colonus　and　Attica's　violet　hills；　will　always

be　the　holiest　spot　in　the　land　of　Greece：　　and　Delphi　will　come

next；　and　then　the　meadows　of　Eurotas　where　that　noble　people　lived

who　represented　in　Hellenic　thought　the　reaction　of　the　law　of　duty

against　the　law　of　beauty；　the　opposition　of　conduct　to　culture。

Yet；　as　one　stands　on　the　＇Greek　text　which　cannot　be　reproduced＇

of　Cithaeron　and　looks　out　on　the　great　double　plain　of　Boeotia；

the　enormous　importance　of　the　division　of　Hellas　comes　to　one's

mind　with　great　force。　　To　the　north　are　Orchomenus　and　the　Minyan

treasure…house；　seat　of　those　merchant　princes　of　Phoenicia　who

brought　to　Greece　the　knowledge　of　letters　and　the　art　of　working

in　gold。　　Thebes　is　at　our　feet　with　the　gloom　of　the　terrible

legends　of　Greek　tragedy　still　lingering　about　it；　the　birthplace

of　Pindar；　the　nurse　of　Epaminondas　and　the　Sacred　Band。



And　from　out　of　the　plain　where　'Mars　loved　to　dance；'　rises　the

Muses'　haunt；　Helicon；　by　whose　silver　streams　Corinna　and　Hesiod

sang；　while　far　away　under　the　white　aegis　of　those　snow…capped

mountains　lies　Chaeronea　and　the　Lion　plain　where　with　vain

chivalry　the　Greeks　strove　to　check　Macedon　first　and　afterwards

Rome；　Chaeronea；　where　in　the　Martinmas　summer　of　Greek

civilisation　Plutarch　rose　from　the　drear　waste　of　a　dying　religion

as　the　aftermath　rises　when　the　mow