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undergoes a severe diminution。  A full…rigged airship such as the

Parseval; for instance; may present a picturesque appearance; but

it is severely unscientific; inasmuch as if it were possible to

eliminateor to reduce the air…resistance offered by the ropes;

the speed efficiency might be raised by some sixty per cent and

that without any augmentation of the propelling effort。  As a

matter of fact Zeppelin solved this vexatious problem

unconsciously。  In his monster craft the resistance to the air is

reduced to a remarkable degree; which explains why these vessels;

despite all their other defects are able to show such a turn of

speed。



It was this feature of the Zeppelin which induced Great Britain

to build the May…fly and which likewise induced the French

Government to stimulate dirigible design and construction among

native manufacturers; at the same time; however; insisting that

such craft should be equal at least in speed to the Zeppelins。 

The response to this invitation was the Spiess; which with its

speed of 45 miles per hour ranked; until 1914; as one of the

fastest dirigibles in the French service。



In the meantime a Spanish engineer; Senor Torres; had been

quietly working out a new idea。  He realised the shortcomings of

the prevailing types of airships some eleven years ago; and

unostentatiously and painstakingly set out to eliminate them by

the perfection of a new type of craft。  He perfected his idea;

which was certainly novel; and then sought the assistance of the

Spanish Government。  But his fatherland was not adapted to the

prosecution of the project。  He strove to induce the authorities

to permit even a small vessel to be built; but in vain。  He then

approached the French Astra Company。  His ambition was to build a

vessel as large as the current Zeppelin; merely to emphasise the

value of his improvement upon a sufficiently large scale; and to

enable comparative data concerning the two designs to be

obtained。  But the bogey of expense at first proved insuperable。 

However; the French company; decided to give the invention a

trial; and to this end a small 〃vedette〃 of about 53;000 cubic

feet displacement was built。



Although an unpretentious little vessel; it certainly served to

emphasise the importance of the Torres idea。  It was pitted

against the 〃Colonel Renard;〃 the finest ship at that time in the

French aerial service; which had proved the fastest airship in

commission; and which also was a product of the Astra Company。 

But this fine craft was completely outclassed by the puny

Astra…Torres。



The builders and the inventor were now additionally anxious

to illustrate more emphatically the features of this design and

to build a far larger vessel。  The opportunity was offered by the

British Government; which had been following the experiments with

the small Astra…Torres in France。  An order was given for a

vessel of 282;500 cubic feet displacement; in this instance it

was ranged against another formidable rivalthe Parseval。  But

the latter also failed to hold its own against the Spanish

invention; inasmuch as the Astra…Torres built for the British

authorities exceeded a speed of 50 miles per hour in the official

tests。  This vessel is still doing valuable duty; being attached

to the British air…service in France。



The achievements of the British vessel were not lost upon the

French Government; which forthwith placed an order for a huge

vessel of 812;200 cubic feet capacity; equipped with motors

developing 1;000 horse…power; which it was confidently expected

would enable a speed of 60 miles per hour to be attained。  Thus

France would be able to meet the Germans upon fairly level terms;

inasmuch as the speed of the latest Zeppelins does not exceed 60

miles per hour。  So confident were the authorities that a second

order for an even larger vessel was placed before the first large

craft was completed。



This latter vessel is larger than any Zeppelin yet built; seeing

that it displaces 38 tons; and is fitted with motors developing

1;000 horse…power。  It has recently been completed; and although

the results of the trials; as well as the dimensions of the craft

have not been published; it is well known that the speed has

exceeded 60 miles per hour; so that France now possesses the

speediest dirigible in the world。



The Torres invention has been described as wonderful;

scientifically perfect and extremely simple。  The vessel belongs

to the non…rigid class; but the whole of the suspension system is

placed within the gas…bag; so that the air…resistance offered by

ropes is virtually eliminated in its entirety; for the simple

reason that practically no ropes are placed outside the envelope。 

The general principle of design may be gathered from the

accompanying diagram。  It is as if three sausage…shaped balloons

were disposed pyramidallytwo lying side by side with one

super…imposed; with the bags connected at the points where the

circular sections come into contact。  Thus the external

appearance of the envelope is decidedly unusual; comprising three

symmetrical ridges。  At the points where the three bags come into

contact cloth bands are stretched across the arcs; thereby

forming a cord。  The suspension system is attached to the upper

corners of the inverted triangle thus formed; and converges in

straight lines through the gas space。  The bracing terminates in

collecting rings from which a short vertical cable extends

downwards through a special accordion sleeve to pass through the

lower wall of the envelope。  These sleeves are of special design;

the idea being to permit the gas to escape under pressure arising

from expansion and at the same time to provide ample play for the

cable which is necessary in a flexible airship。



This cable emerges from the envelope only at the point or points

where the car or cars is or are placed。  In the British airship

of this type there is only one car; but the larger French vessels

are equipped with two cars placed tandem…wise。  The vertical

cable; after extending downwards a certain distance; is divided;

one rope being attached to one; and the second to the other side

of the car。  The two…bladed propellers are disposed on either

side of the car; in each of which a 500 horse…power motor is

placed。



The Astra…Torres type of dirigible may be said to represent the

latest expression in airship design and construction。  The

invention has given complete satisfaction; and has proved

strikingly successful。  The French Government has completed

arrangements for the acquisition of larger and more powerful

vessels of this design; being now in the position to contest

every step that is made by Germany in this field。  The type has

also been embraced by the Russian military authorities。  The

Astra…Torres airship has a rakish appearance; and although the

lines of the gas…bag are admitted to increase frictional

resistance; this is regarded as a minor defect; especially when

the many advantages of the invention are taken into

consideration。







CHAPTER V

GERMANY'S AERIAL DREADNOUGHT FLEET



Although Germany; as compared with France; was relatively slow to

recognise the immense possibilities of aircraft; particularly

dirigibles; in the military sense; once the Zeppelin had received

the well…wishes of the Emperor William; Teuton activities were so

pronounced as to enable the leeway to be made up within a very

short while。  While the Zeppelin commanded the greatest attention

owing to the interesting co…operation of the German Emperor; the

other types met with official and royal recognition and

encouragement as already mentioned。  France; which had held premier

position in regard to the aerial fleet of dirigibles for so long;

was completely out…classed; not only in dimensions but also in

speed; as well as radius of action and strategical distribution of

the aerial forces。



The German nation forged ahead at a great pace and was able to

establish a distinct supremacy; at least on paper。  In the light

of recent events it is apparent that the German military

authorities realised that the dawn of 〃The Day〃 was approaching

rapidly; and that it behoved them to be as fully prepared in the

air as upon the land。  It was immaterial that the Zeppelin was

the synonym for disaster。  By standardisation its cost could be

reduced while construction could be expedited。  Furthermore; when

the matter was regarded in its broadest aspect; the fact was

appreciated that forty Zeppelins could be built at the cost of

one super…Dreadnought; so that adequate allowance could be made

for accidents now and then; since a Zeppelin catastrophe; no

matter how complete it may be; is regarded by the Teuton as a

mere incident inseparable from progressive development。



At the beginning of the year 1914 France relied upon being

strengthened by a round dozen new dirigibles。  Seven of these

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