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第42节

aeroplanes and dirigibles of war-第42节

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factory in Germany; (now devoting its energies to the production

of these craft; although in happier days its normal complement of

4;000 men were responsible for the production of another

commercial article) possesses facilities for turning out 30

complete aeroplanes per week; according to the statement of its

managing director。  But it is averred that this statement is

purposely misleading; inasmuch as during the first fortnight of

the campaign it was producing over 50 aeroplanes per week。  It

must be remembered that Germany is responsible for the supply of

the majority of such craft for the Austnan armies; that country

purchasing these vessels in large numbers; because in the early

days of the conflict it was notoriously weak in this arm。  Since

the declaration of war strenuous efforts have been made to remedy

this state of affairs; particularly upon the unexpected

revelation of Russia's aerial strength。



It is computed that upon the outbreak of war the various Powers

were in the position to show an aggregate of 4;980 aircraft of

all descriptions; both for active service and reserve。  This is a

colossal fleet; but it serves to convey in a graphic manner the

importance attached to the adrial vessel by the respective

belligerents。  So far as Germany is concerned she is sorely in

need of additional machines。  Her fleet of the air has lost its

formidable character; owing to the fact that it has to be divided

between two frontiers; while she has been further weakened by the

enormous lengths of the two battle…fronts。



Russia has been able to concentrate her aerial force; which has

proved of incalculable value to the Grand Duke Nicholas; who has

expressed his appreciation of the services rendered by his

fliers。  The French likewise have been favoured by Fortune in

this respect。  Their aerial navy is likewise concentrated upon

a single frontier; although a pronounced proportion has been

reserved for service upon the Mediterranean sea…board for

co…operation with the fleet。  France suffers; however; to a

certain degree from the length of her battle…line; which is over

200 miles in length。  The French aerial fleet has been

particularly active in the Vosges and the Argonne; where the

difficult; mountainous; and densely wooded country has rendered

other systems of observation of the enemy's movements a matter of

extreme difficulty。  The Germans have laboured under a similar

handicap in this territory; and have likewise been compelled to

centre a considerable proportion of their aerial fleet upon this

corner of the extended battlefield。



It is in this region that the greatest wastage has been manifest。

I have been informed by one correspondent who is fighting in this

sternly contested area; that at one time a daily loss of ten

German machines was a fair average; while highwater mark was

reached; so far as his own observations and ability to glean

information were concerned by the loss of 19 machines during a

single day。  The French wastage; while not so heavy upon the

average; has been considerable at times。



The term wastage is somewhat misleading; if not erroneous。  It

does not necessarily imply the total loss of a machine; such as

its descent upon hostile territory; but includes damage to

machines; no matter how slight; landing within their own lines。  

In the difficult country of the Vosges many aeroplanes have come

to earth somewhat heavily; and have suffered such damage as to

render them inoperative; compelling their removal from the

effective list until they have undergone complete overhaul or

reconstruction。  Upon occasions this wastage has been so

pronounced that the French aviators; including some of the

foremost fliers serving with the forces; have been without a

machine and have been compelled to wait their turn。



I am informed that one day four machines; returning from a

reconnaissance in force; crashed successively to the ground; and

each had to be hauled away to the repair sheds; necessitating

withdrawal from service for several days。  Unfortunately the

French; owing to their decision to rule out certain machines as

unsuited to military service; have not yet perfected their

organisation for making good this wastage; although latterly it

has been apprecably reduced by greater care among the aviators in

handling their vessels。



The fast vessels of the French aerial fleet have proved

exceptionally valuable。  With these craft speeds of 95 and 100

miles or more per hour have been attained under favourable

conditions; and pace has proved distinctly advantageous; inasmuch

as it gives the French aviators a superiority of about 40 per

cent over the average German machine。  It was the activity and

daring of the French fliers upon these high speed machines which

induced the German airmen to change their tactics。  Individual

effort and isolated raiding operations were abandoned in favour

of what might be described as combined or squadron attack。  Six

or eight machines advancing together towards the French lines

somewhat nonplussed these fleet French mosquito craft; and to

a certain degree nullified their superiority in pace。  Speed

was discounted; for the simple reason that the enemy when so

massed evinced a disposition to fight and to follow harassing

tactics when one of the slowest French machines ventured into

the air。



It is interesting to observe that aerial operations; now that

they are being conducted upon what may be termed methodical lines

as distinct from corsair movements; are following the broad

fundamental principles of naval tactics。  Homogeneous squadrons;

that is; squadrons composed of vessels of similar type and armament;

put out and follow roughly the 〃single line ahead〃 formation。

Upon sighting the enemy there is the manoeuvring for position

advantage which must accrue to the speedier protagonist。  One

then; witnesses what might almost be described as an application

of the process of capping the line or 〃crossing the 'T。'〃 This

tends to throw the slower squadron into confusion by bending it

back upon itself; meanwhile exposing it to a demoralizing fire。



The analogy is not precisely correct but sufficiently so to

indicate that aerial battles will be fought much upon the same

lines; as engagements between vessels upon the water。  If the

manoeuvres accomplish nothing beyond breaking up and scattering

the foe; the result is satisfactory in as much as in this event

it is possible to exert a driving tendency and to force him back

upon the lines of the superior force; when the scattered vessels

may be brought within the zone of spirited fire from the ground。



Attacks in force are more likely to prove successful than

individual raiding tactics; as recent events upon the battlefield

of Europe have demonstrated more or less convincingly。  An attack

in force is likely to cause the defenders upon the ground beneath

to lose their heads and to fire wildly and at random; with the

result that the airmen may achieve their object with but little

damage to themselves。  This method of attacking in force was

essayed for the first time by the British aerial fleet; which

perhaps is not surprising; seeing that the machines are manned

and the operations supervised by officers who have excelled in

naval training; and who are skilled in such movements。



No doubt this practice; combined with the daring of the British

aviators; contributed very materially to the utter demoralisation

of the German aerial forces; and was responsible for that

hesitancy to attack a position in the vicinity of the British

craft which became so manifest in the course of a few weeks after

the outbreak of hostilities。



One of the foremost military experts of the United States; who

passed some time in the fighting zone; expressed his opinion that

the British aerial force is the most efficient among the

belligerents when considered as a unit; the French flier being

described by the same authority as most effective when acting

individually; owing to personal intrepidity。  As a scout the

French aviator is probably unequalled; because he is quick to

perceive and to collect the data required; and when provided with

a fast machine is remarkably nimble and venturesome in the air。  

The British aviators; however; work as a whole; and in the

particular phases where such tactics are profitable have

established incontestable superiority。  At first the German

aerial force appeared to possess no settled system of operation。

Individual effort was pronounced; but it lacked method。  The

Germans have; however; profited from the lessons taught by their

antagonists; and now are emulating their tactics; but owing to

their imperfect training and knowledge the results they achieve

appear to be negligible。



The dirigible still remains an unknown quantity in these

activities; although strange to relate; in the early days of the

war; the work

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