aeroplanes and dirigibles of war-第41节
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establishments possessed of the most suitable machinery to
perfect a programme for turning out aeronautical requirements in
a steady; continuous stream from the moment the crisis developed。
The wisdom of completing these arrangements in anticipation is
now apparent。 Upon the outbreak of hostilities many German
establishments devoted to the production of articles required in
the infinite ramifications of commerce found themselves deprived
of their markets; but there was no risk that their large plants
would be brought to a standstill: the Government ordered the
manufacture of aeroplane parts and motors upon an extensive
scale。 In this manner not only were the industrial
establishments kept going; but their production of aeronautical
requirements relieved those organisations devoted to the
manufacture of armaments; so that the whole resources and
facilities of these could be concentrated upon the supply of
munitions of war。
In France the air…fleet; although extensive upon the outbreak of
war; was somewhat heterogeneous。 Experiment was still being
pursued: no type had met with definite official recognition; the
result being that no arrangements had been completed for the
production of one or more standard types upon an elaborate scale
comparable with that maintained by Germany。 In fact some six
months after the outbreak of war there was an appreciable lack of
precision on this point in French military。 Many of the types
which had established their success were forbidden by military
decree as mentioned in a previous chapter; while manufacturing
arrangements were still somewhat chaotic。
Great Britain was still more backward in the new movement。 But
this state of affairs was in a measure due to the division of the
Fourth Arm among the two services。 A well…organised Government
manufactory for the production of aeroplanes and other aircraft
necessities had been established; while the private manufacturers
had completed preparations for wholesale production。 But it was
not until the Admiralty accepted responsibility for the aerial
service that work was essayed in grim earnest。
The allocation of the aerial responsibilities of Great Britain to
the Admiralty was a wise move。 Experience has revealed the
advantages accruing from the perfection of homogeneous squadrons
upon the water; that is to say groups of ships which are
virtually sister…craft of identical speed; armament; and so on;
thus enabling the whole to act together as a complete effective
unit。 As this plan had proved so successful upon the water; the
Admiralty decided to apply it to the fleet designed for service
in the air above。
At the time this plan of campaign was definitely settled Great
Britain as an aerial power was a long way behind her most
fomidable rival; but strenuous efforts were made to reduce the
handicap; and within a short while the greater part of this
leeway had been made up。 Upon the outbreak of war Great Britain
undoubtedly was inferior to Germany in point of numbers of
aircraft; but the latter Power was completely outclassed in
efficiency; and from the point of view of PERSONNEL。 The British
had developed the waterplane as an essential auxiliary to naval
operations; and here was in advance of her rival; who had
practically neglected this line of eeperiment and evolution;
resting secure in the assurance of her advisers that the huge
dirigibles would be adequate for all exigencies on the water。
Indeed; when war was declared; all the Powers were found more or
less wanting so far as their aerial fleets were concerned。 If
Germany's huge aerial navy had been in readiness for instant service
when she invaded Belgium; she would have overcome that little
country's resistance in a far shorter time and with much less
waste of life。 It was the Belgians who first brought home to the
belligerents the prominent part that aircraft were destined to
play in war; and the military possibilities of the aeroplane。
True; the Belgians had a very small aerial navy; but it was put to
work without delay and accomplished magnificent results;
ascertaining the German positions and dispositions with unerring
accuracy and incredible ease; and thus enabling the commander of
the Belgian Army to dispose his relatively tiny force to the best
advantage; and to offer the most effective resistance。
Great Britain's aerial navy; while likewise some what small; was
also ready for instant service。 The British Expeditionary force
was supported by a very efficient aerial fleet; the majority of
the vessels forming which flew across the Channel at high speed
to the British headquarters in France so as to be available
directly military preparations were begun; and the value of this
support proved to be inestimable; since it speedily demoralised
the numerically superior enemy。
France; like Germany; was somewhat dilatory; but this was
attributable rather to the time occupied in the mobilisation of
the Fourth Arm than to lack of energy。 There were a round 1;500
aeroplanes ostensibly ready for service; in addition to some 26
dirigibles。 But the fleet was somewhat scattered; while many of
the craft were not immediately available; being in the shops or
in dock for repairs and overhaul。 During the period of
mobilisation the so…called standing military force was augmented
by about 500 machines which were acquired from private owners。
The aeroplane factories were also; overhauled and re…organised so
as to be in a position to remedy the inevitable wastage; but
these organisation efforts were somewhat handicapped by the
shortage of labour arising from the call to arms。 France;
moreover; imperilled her aerial strength by forbidding the use of
558 machines which were ready for service。
Germany's aerial fleet was of similar proportions to that of her
Gallic neighbour; but curiously enough; and in strange contrast;
there appeared to be a lack of readiness in this ramification of
the Teuton war machine。 The military establishment possessed
about 1;000 machinesactive and reserveof which it is
estimated 700 were available for instant service。 During the
period of mobilisation a further 450 machines were added to the
fleet; drawn for the most part from private owners。 So far as
the dirigibles were concerned 14 Zeppelins were ready for duty;
while others were under construction or undergoing overhaul and
repair。 A few other types were also in commission or acquired
during mobilisation; bringing the dirigible force to 40 machines
all told。
But the greatest surprise was probably offered by Russia。 Very
little was known concerning Russian activities in this particular
field; although it was stated that large orders for machines had
been placed with various foreign manufactories。 Certain
factories also had been established within the Empire; although
the character of their work and its results and achievements were
concealed from prying eyes。 In Russia; however; an appreciable
number of private aeroplanes were in operation; and these; of
course; were placed at the disposal of the authorities the moment
the crisis developed。
The British and French aeroplane manufacturers had been busy upon
Russian orders for many months previous to the outbreak of
hostilities; while heavy shipments of component parts had been
made; the assembling and completion of the machines being carried
out in the country。 It is generally believed that upon the
outbreak of war Russia had a fleet of 800 aeroplanes in hand; of
which total 150 were contributed from private sources。 Even the
dirigible had not been overlooked; there being nearly 20 of these
craft attached to the Russian Army; although for the most part
they are small vessels。
In comparison with the foregoing large aerial navies; that of
Great Britain appeared to be puny。 At the moment Great Britain
possesses about 500 machines; of which about 200 are waterplanes。
In addition; according to the Secretary of the Admiralty; 15
dirigibles should be in service。 Private enterprise is supported
by the Government; which maintains a factory for the manufacture
of these craft。
During the two years preceding the outbreak of war the various
Powers grew remarkably reticent concerning the composition and
enlargement of their respective aerial fleets。 No official
figures were published。 But at the same time it is a well…known
fact that during the year 1913 France augmented her flying force
by no fewer than 544 aeroplanes。 Germany was no less energetic;
the military acquisition in this branch; and during the self…same
year; approaching 700 machines according to the semi…official
reports published in that country。
The arrangements concluded for the manufacture of additional
craft during the war are equally remarkable。 The principal
factory in Germany; (now devoting its energies to the production
of t