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aeroplanes and dirigibles of war-第31节

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view of the road ahead; while the armouring over the tonneau is

carried to a sufficient height to allow head…room to the gun crew

when standing at the gun。  All four wheels are of the disk type

and fashioned from heavy sheet steel。  The motor develops 40…50

horse…power and; in one type; in order to mitigate the risk of

breakdown or disablement; all four wheels are driven。  The gun; a

small quick…firer; is mounted on a pedestalin a projecting

conning…tower。  The mounting is placed behind the driver's seat;

and is trained and operated from the tonneau。  The maximum

elevation is 75 degrees; and like the gun carriage bearing the

tube guide it can be moved through a complete circle; being free

to rotate in the fixed pivot jack to enable this end to be

attained。



The foregoing may be said to represent the most powerful types of

mobile anti…aircraft weapons used by the Austro…German forces

to…day。  Arms of similar design; roughly speaking; have also been

introduced into the French and Russian services。  In addition

many semi…armoured weapons of this character are in operation;

some specially built for the work; while others have been

improvised。  In the semi…armoured motor…car the carriage follows

the usual lines; it has an open top; the armouring comprising the

body of the tonneau and the diskwheels; which are made of light

bullet…proof steel。  Here again the prevailing practice is to

mount the gun as nearly above the rear axle as possible; and

to work it from the tonneau。  The maximum elevation is also 75

degrees; with training throughout the entire circle。



Another type comprises a very light machine gun of rifle calibre;

and this is intended for attachment to an ordinary motor car。 

There is a pedestal mounting which can be set within the tonneau;

while the weapon is pivoted in an outrigger; the latter being

free to rotate in its pivot jack。  This arrangement enables the

arm to cover a wide range;while it also admits of training

through an extensive angle of elevation。



The Allied forces improvised travelling anti…aircraft offences

by mounting the latest types of Vickers; Hotchkiss; and other

machine guns in armoured motor cars。  Some of these have the

domed turret form; with the gun projecting through the roof;

while others are protected against hostile attack from the side

only; the carriage being panelled with bullet…proof steel

sheeting。  While such weapons are useful; inasmuch as they can

maintain a hot fire ranging up to 750 shots per minute; they are

not to be compared with the 〃Archibalds;〃 which are able to throw

heavy shrapnel and incendiary shells; and have a vertical range

of about 6;000 to 8;000 feet。



The improvised motor…gun has not proved a complete success;

except in those instances when the hostile aircraft has ventured

to approach somewhat closely to the ground。  The more formidable

weapons cannot be mounted upon ordinary vehicles; inasmuch as the

increase in weight; which is appreciable; impairs the efficiency

of the vehicle; and at the same time enhances the possibility of

breakdown at a critical moment。  For such arms a special and

substantial chassis is imperative; while the motive power and

gearing must be adapted to the circumstances。



Motor…mounted anti…aircraft weapons; however; have not proved an

unqualified success。  The fact that the vehicles are condemned to

the high roads; or at least to comparatively smooth and level

ground; constitutes a severe handicap。  Again; when travelling at

high speed; and this is essential when pursuing a fast aeroplane;

the accurate laying of the weapon is extremely difficult; owing

to the oscillation of the vehicle itself; especially if the road

surface is in a bad condition。  The sighting arrangements are of

a wonderfully complete character; as described elsewhere; but the

irregular rolling movement arising from high speed is a

nullifying quantity。  It is tolerably easy for the aircraft;

especially an aeroplane; to evade successful pursuit; either by

rising to an elevation beyond the range of the gun; or by

carrying out baffling evolutions such as irregular undulating

flight; wheeling; and climbing。  According to the reports of the

British and French airmen the 〃Archibald〃 has failed to establish

the glowing reputation which was anticipated; for the simple

reason that; unless it has a clear straight road and can maintain

its high speed; it can easily be out…distanced by the fleet human

bird。



The motor…car suffers from another serious disability。  It cannot

manoeuvre with sufficient celerity。  For instance; if it is

necessary to turn round in a narrow lane; valuable time is lost

in the process; and this the airman turns to account。  In hilly

country it is at a still greater disadvantage; the inclines;

gradients; and sinuosities of the roads restricting its

effectiveness very pronouncedly。  It must also be remembered

that; relatively speaking; the 〃Archibald〃 offers a better target

to the airman than the aeroplane offers to the man behind the

anti…aircraft gun on the motor below。  A few well…placed bombs

are sufficient to induce the pursuers to cease their activities。 

Even if the missiles fail to strike the motor…car itself they can

wreak disaster in directly by rendering the road impassable or

dangerous to negotiate at high speed。  On the whole therefore;

the 〃Archibald〃 is a greatly exaggerated weapon of offence

against aircraft; and; so far as is known; has failed to fulfil

expectations。  In fact; the Germans have practically abandoned

the idea of using it in the manner of a pursuing arm; they work

the weapon as a fixture; depending upon the car merely as a means

of moving it from point to point。  Thus; in reality; it has been

converted into a light field…piece; and may almost be included in

the category of fixed weapons for combating aerial operations。







CHAPTER XV

ANTI…AIRCRAFT GUNS。  IMMOBILE WEAPONS



The immobile anti…aircraft gun; as distinct from that attached to

a travelling carriage such as a motor…car; may be subdivided into

two classes。  The one is the fixed arm which cannot be moved

readily; mounted upon a permanent emplacement; the other is the

field…piece which; while fired from a stationary position; may be

moved from point to point upon a suitable carriage。  The

distinction has its parallel in ordinary artillery; the

first…named weapon coinciding with the heavy siege gun; which is

built into and forms part and parcel of the defensive or

offensive scheme; while the second is analogous to the field

artillery; which may be wheeled from position to position。



In this phase of artillery the Germans led the way; for the

simple reason that they recognised the military value of aerial

navigation years in advance of their contemporaries。  Again; in

this field the Krupp Organisation has played a prominent part。

It embarked upon actual construction of weapons while its rivals

in other countries were content to prepare their drawings; which

were filed against 〃The Day。〃  But it must not be thought that

because the German manufacturers of armaments were ahead of

their contemporaries they dominated the situation。  Far from it。 

Their competitors in the market of destruction were every whit as

keen; as ingenious; and as enterprising。  Kruppism saw a

commercial opportunity to profit from advertisement and seized

it: its rivals were content to work in secret upon paper; to keep

pace with the trend of thought; and to perfect their

organisations so as to be ready for the crisis when it developed。



The first Krupp anti…aircraft field…piece was a 6。5 centimetre (2


9/16 inch) arm。  It possessed many interesting features; the most

salient of which was the design of the axle of the carriage。  The

rigid axle for the two wheels was replaced by an axle made in two

sections; and joined together in the form of a universal

coupling; so that each wheel virtually possessed its own axle; or

rather half…axle。  This was connected with the cradle of the gun

in such a manner that the wheels were laterally pivoted thereon。



The result is that each axle can be turned forward together with

its wheel; and thus the wheels have their rims brought into line

to form an arc of a circle; of which the rear end of the spade of

the gun carriage constitutes the centre。  This acts as a pivot;

about which the gun can be turned; the pair of wheels forming the

runners for the achievement of this movement。  The setting of the

weapon in the firing position or its reversion to the travelling

position can be easily and speedily effected merely by the

rotation of a handwheel and gearing。



With this gun a maximum elevation of 60 degrees is possible;

owing to the trunnions being carried well behind the breech in

combination with the system of long steady recoil。  The balancing

spring which encloses the elevating screw is contained in a

protected box。  Th

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