aeroplanes and dirigibles of war-第20节
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!
determine their significance。 It is for this reason that no
lights of any description are permitted in the advance trenches。
The striking of a match may easily betray a position to the alert
eye above。
So far as the British Army is concerned a complete code is in
operation for communicating between aeroplanes and the ground at
night。 Very's lights are used for this purpose; it being
possible to distinguish the respective colours at a distance of
six miles and from an altitude of 2;000 feet。 The lights are
used both by the aeroplane and the battery of artillery。
The code is varied frequently; but the following conveys a rough
idea of how communication is carried out by this means under
cover of darkness。 The aeroplane has located its objective and
has returned to the pre…arranged altitude。 A red light is thrown
by the airman。 It indicates that he is directly over the enemy's
position。 A similarly coloured light is shown by the artillery
officer; which intimates to the airman that his signal has been
observed and that the range has been taken。
In observing the effects of artillery fire a code of signals is
employed between the airman and the artillery officer to indicate
whether the shot is 〃long〃 or 〃short;〃 to the right or to the
left of the mark; while others intimate whether the fuse is
correctly timed or otherwise。 It is necessary to change the code
fairly frequently; not only lest it should fall into the enemy's
hands; but also to baffle the hostile forces; otherwise; after a
little experience; the latter would be able to divine the
significance of the signals; and; in anticipation of being
greeted with a warm fusillade; would complete hurried
arrangements to mitigate its effects; if not to vacate the
position until the bombardment had ceased。
Sufficient experience has already been gathered; however; to
prove the salient fact that the airman is destined to play an
important part in the direction and control of artillery…fire。
Already he has been responsible for a re…arrangement of strategy
and tactics。 The man aloft holds such a superior position as to
defy subjugation; the alternative is to render his work more
difficult; if not absolutely impossible。
CHAPTER X
BOMB…THROWING FROM AIR…CRAFT
During the piping times of peace the utility of aircraft as
weapons of offence was discussed freely in an academic manner。
It was urged that the usefulness of such vessels in this
particular field would be restricted to bomb…throwing。 So far
these contentions have been substantiated during the present
campaign。 At the same time it was averred that even as a
bomb…thrower the ship of the air would prove an uncertain
quantity; and that the results achieved would be quite contrary
to expectations。 Here again theory has been supported by
practice; inasmuch as the damage wrought by bombs has been
comparatively insignificant。
The Zeppelin raids upon Antwerp and Britain were a fiasco in the
military sense。 The damage inflicted by the bombs was not at all
in proportion to the quantity of explosive used。 True; in the
case of Antwerp; it demoralised the civilian population somewhat
effectively; which perhaps was the desired end; but the military
results were nil。
The Zeppelin; and indeed all dirigibles of large size; have one
advantage over aeroplanes。 They are able to throw bombs of
larger size and charged with greater quantities of high explosive
and shrapnel than those which can be hurled from heavier…than…air
machines。 Thus it has been stated that the largest Zeppelins can
drop single charges exceeding one ton in weight; but such a
statement is not to be credited。
The shell generally used by the Zeppelin measures about 47 inches
in length by 8 1/2 inches in diameter; and varies in weight from
200 to 242 pounds。 Where destruction pure and simple is desired;
the shell is charged with a high explosive such as picric acid or
T。N。T。; the colloquial abbreviation for the devastating agent
scientifically known as 〃Trinitrotoluene;〃 the base of which; in
common with all the high explosives used by the different powers
and variously known as lyddite; melinite; cheddite; and so forth;
is picric acid。 Such a bomb; if it strikes the objective; a
building; for instance; fairly and squarely; may inflict
widespread material damage。
On the other hand; where it is desired to scatter death; as well
as destruction; far and wide; an elaborate form of shrapnel shell
is utilised。 The shell in addition to a bursting charge;
contains bullets; pieces of iron; and other metallic fragments。
When the shell bursts; their contents; together with the pieces
of the shell which is likewise broken up by the explosion; are
hurled in all directions over a radius of some 50 yards or more;
according to the bursting charge。
These shells are fired upon impact; a detonator exploding the
main charge。 The detonator; comprising fulminate of mercury; is
placed in the head or tail of the missile。 To secure perfect
detonation and to distribute the death…dealing contents evenly in
all directions; it is essential that the bomb should strike the
ground almost at right angles: otherwise the contents are hurled
irregularly and perhaps in one direction only。 One great
objection to the percussion system; as the method of impact
detonation is called; is that the damage may be localised。 A
bomb launched from a height of say 1;000 feet attains terrific
velocity; due to the force of gravity in conjunction with its own
weight; in consonance with the law concerning a falling body; by
the time it reaches the ground。 It buries itself to a certain
depth before bursting so that the forces of the explosion become
somewhat muffled as it were。 A huge deep holea miniature
volcano crateris formed; while all the glass in the immediate
vicinity of the explosion may be shattered by the concussion; and
the walls of adjacent buildings be bespattered with shrapnel。
Although it is stated that an airship is able to drop a single
missile weighing one ton in weight; there has been no attempt to
prove the contention by practice。 In all probability the
heaviest shell launched from a Zeppelin has not exceeded 300
pounds。 There is one cogent reason for such a belief。 A bomb
weighing one ton is equivalent to a similar weight of ballast。
If this were discarded suddenly the equilibrium of the dirigible
would be seriously disturbedit would exert a tendency to fly
upwards at a rapid speed。 It is doubtful whether the planes
controlling movement in the vertical plane would ever be able to
counteract this enormous vertical thrust。 Something would have
to submit to the strain。 Even if the dirigible displaced say 20
tons; and a bomb weighing one ton were discharged; the weight of
the balloon would be decreased suddenly by approximately five
per cent; so that it would shoot upwards at an alarming speed;
and some seconds would elapse before control was regained。
The method of launching bombs from airships varies considerably。
Some are released from a cradle; being tilted into position ready
for firing; while others are discharged from a tube somewhat
reminiscent of that used for firing torpedoes; with the exception
that little or no initial impetus is imparted to the missile; the
velocity it attains is essentially gravitational。
The French favour the tube…launching method since thereby it is
stated to be possible to take more accurate aim。 The objective
is sighted and the bomb launched at the critical moment。 In some
instances the French employ an automatic detonator which
corresponds in a certain measure to the time…fuse of a shrapnel
shell fired from a gun。
The bomb…thrower reads the altitude of his airship as indicated
by his barometer or other recording instrument; and by means of a
table at his command ascertains in a moment the time which will
elapse before the bomb strikes the ground。 The automatic
detonator is set in motion and the bomb released to explode
approximately at the height to which it is set。 When it bursts
the full force of the explosion is distributed downwards and
laterally。 Owing to the difficulty of ensuring the explosion of
the bomb at the exact height desired; it is also made to explode
upon impact so as to make doubly sure of its efficacy。
Firing timed bombs from aloft; however; is not free from
excitement and danger; as the experience of a French airman
demonstrates。 His dirigible had been commanded to make a
night…raid upon a railway station which was a strategical
junction for the movement of the enemy's troops。 Although the
hostile searchlights were active; the airship contrived to slip
between the spokes of light without being observed。 By
descending to a comparatively low altitude the pilot was able to
pick up the objective。
Three projectiles were discharged in