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aeroplanes and dirigibles of war-第19节

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hesitation; and in a short while rendered cloudland absolutely

unhealthy。  The sequel was interesting。  As if suddenly blinded;

the German artillery fire immediately deteriorated。  On the other

hand; the British artillery; now having the benefit of aerial 

guidance; was able to repay the German onslaughts with interest;

and speedily compelled that elaborate digging…in of the infantry

lines which has now become so characteristic of the opposing

forces。



So far as the British lines are concerned the men in the trenches

keep a sharp look…out for hostile aeroplanes。  The moment one is

observed to be advancing; all the men seclude themselves and 

maintain their concealment。  To do otherwise is to court a raking

artillery outburst。  The German aeroplane; detecting the tendency

of the trenches describes in the air the location of the

vulnerable spot and the precise disposition by flying immediately 

above the line。  Twice the manoeuvre is repeated; the second

movement evidently being in the character of a check upon the

first observation; and in accordance with instructions; whereupon 

the Tommies; to quote their own words; 〃know they are in for it!〃 

Ere the aeroplane has completed the second manoeuvre the German

guns ring out。



The facility with which artillery fire can be concentrated

through the medium of the aeroplane is amazing。  In one instance;

according to the story related to me by an officer; 〃a number of

our men were resting in an open field immediately behind the 

second line of trenches; being in fact the reserves intended for

the relief of the front lines during the following night。  An

aeroplane hove in sight。  The men dropped their kits and got

under cover in an adjacent wood。  The aeroplane was flying at a

great height and evidently laboured under the impression that the

kits were men。  Twice it flew over the field in the usual manner;

and then the storm of shrapnel; 'Jack Johnsons' and other tokens

from the Kaiser rained upon the confined space。  A round four

hundred shells were dropped into that field in the short period

of ten minutes; and the range was so accurate that no single

shell fell outside the space。  Had the men not hurried to cover

not one would have been left alive to tell the tale; because

every square foot of the land was searched through and through。 

We laughed at the short…sightedness of the airman who had

contributed to such a waste of valuable shot and shell; but at

the same time appreciated the narrowness of our own escape。〃



The above instance is by no means isolated。  It has happened time

after time。  The slightest sign of activity in a trench when a

〃Taube〃 is overhead suffices to cause the trench to be blown to

fragments; and time after time the British soldiers have had to

lie prone in their trenches and suffer partial burial as an

alternative to being riddled by shrapnel。



The method of ascertaining the range of the target from the

indications given by the aeroplane are of the simplest character。 

The German method is for the aerial craft to fly over the

position; and when in vertical line therewith to discharge a

handful of tinsel; which; in falling; glitters in the sunlight;

or to launch a smoking missile which answers the same purpose as

a projectile provided with a tracer。  This smoke…ball being

dropped over the position leaves a trail of black or whitish

smoke according to the climatic conditions which prevail; the

object being to enable the signal to be picked up with the

greatest facility。  The height at which the aerial craft is

flying being known; a little triangulation upon the part of the

observer at the firing point enables him to calculate the range

and to have the guns laid accordingly。



When the aerial craft has been entrusted with the especial duty

of directing artillery…fire; a system of communication between

the aerial observer and the officer in charge of the artillery is

established; conducted; of course; by code。  In the British Army;

signalling is both visual and audible。  In daylight visual

signalling is carried out by means of coloured flags or streamers

and smoke…signals; while audible communication is effected by

means of a powerful horn working upon the siren principle and

similar to those used by automobiles。  Both flags and

sound…signals; however; are restricted owing to the comparatively

short distances over which they can be read with any degree of

accuracy。  The smoke…signal therefore appears to be the most

satisfactory and reliable; as the German airmen have proved

conclusively; for the simple reason that the trail of smoke may

be picked up with comparative ease; even at a distance; by means

of field glasses。  The tinsel too; is readily distinguishable;

particularly in bright weather; for the glittering surface;

catching the sun…light; acts some what in the manner of a

heliograph。



The progress of the airman is followed by two officers at the

base from which he started。  One is equipped with the director;

while the second takes the range。  Directly this has been found

as a result of calculation; the guns are laid ready for firing。 

In those cases where the enemy's artillery is concealed perhaps

behind a hill; the airman is of incalculable value; inasmuch as

he is able to reveal a position which otherwise would have to be

found by considerable haphazard firing; and which; even if

followed by a captive balloon anchored above the firing point;

might resist correction。



The accuracy of the airman's work in communicating the range has

been responsible for the high efficiency of the British and

French artillery。  The latter; with the 75 millimetre

quick…firing gun; is particularly adapted to following up the

results of the aeroplane's reconnaissance; especially with the

system of rafale fire; because the whole position can be searched

through and through within a minute or two。  According to

information which has been given to me by our artillery officers;

the British system also has proved disastrous to the enemy。  The

practice is to get the range as communicated by the aeroplane; to

bring the artillery into position speedily; to discharge salvo

after salvo with all speed for a few minutes; and then to wheel

the artillery away before any hostile fire can be returned。  The

celerity with which the British artillery comes into; and goes

out of; action has astonished even our own authorities。  This

mobility is of unique value: it is taking advantage of a somewhat

slow…witted enemy with interest。  By the time the Germans have

opened fire upon the point whence the British guns were

discharged; the latter have disappeared and are ready to let fly

from another point; some distance away; so that the hostile fire

is abortive。  Mobility of such a character is decidedly unnerving

and baffling even to a quick…witted opponent。



In his search for hostile artillery the airman runs grave risks

and displays remarkable resource。  It is invariably decided;

before he sets out; that he shall always return to a certain

altitude to communicate signals。  Time after time the guns of the

enemy have been concealed so cunningly from aerial observation as

to pass unnoticed。  This trait became more pronounced as the

campaigns of the Aisne progressed。  Accordingly the airman adopts

a daring procedure。  He swoops down over suspicious places; where

he thinks guns may be lurking; hoping that the enemy will betray

its presence。  The ruse is invariably successful。  The airman

makes a sudden dive towards the earth。  The soldiers in hiding

below; who have become somewhat demoralised by the accuracy of

the British aerial bomb…throwers; have an attack of nerves。  They

open a spirited fusillade in the hope of bringing the airman to

earth。  But their very excitement contributes to his safety。  The

shots are fired without careful aim and expend themselves

harmlessly。  Sweeping once more upwards; the airman regains the

pre…determined level; performs a certain evolution in the air

which warns the observer at his base that he has made a

discovery; and promptly drops his guiding signal directly over

the point from which he has drawn fire。



Operations at night are conducted by means of coloured lights or

an electrical searchlight system。  In the former instance three

lights are generally carriedwhite; red; and greeneach of

which has a distinctive meaning。  If reliance is placed upon the

electric light signalling lamp; then communications are in code。 

But night operations are somewhat difficult and extremely

dangerous; except when the elements are propitious。  There is the

ground mist which blots everything from sight; rendering

reconnaissance purely speculative。  But on a clear night the

airman is more likely to prove successful。  He keeps a vigilant

eye upon all ground…lights and by close observation is able to

determine their significance。  It is for this reason th

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