aeroplanes and dirigibles of war-第11节
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页,按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页,按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部!
————未阅读完?加入书签已便下次继续阅读!
harbours。 The 〃L…II〃 displaced 27 tonsfive tons in excess of
her predecessor。 In this vessel many innovations were
introduced; such as the provision of the passage…way connecting
the cars within the hull; instead of outside the latter as had
hitherto been the practice; while the three cars were placed more
closely together than formerly。 The motors were of an improved
type; giving an aggregate output of 900 horse…power; and were
divided into four separate units; housed in two engine…rooms; the
front car being a replica in every detail of the navigating
bridge of a warship。
This vessel was regarded as a distinct improvement upon the
〃L…I;〃 although the latter could boast some great achievements。
But her glory was short…lived。 In the course of the Government
trials; while some 900 feet aloft; the huge vessel suddenly
exploded and was burned in the air; a mass of broken and twisted
metal…work falling to the ground。 Of the 28 officers and men;
including members of the Admiralty Board who were conducting the
official trials; all but one were killed outright; and the
solitary exception was so terribly burned as to survive the fall
for only a few hours。
The accident was remarkable and demonstrated very convincingly
that although Count Zeppelin apparently had made huge strides in
aerial navigation through the passage of years; yet in reality he
had made no progress at all。 He committed the identical error
that characterised the effort of Severo Pax ten years previously;
and the disaster was directly attributable to the self…same cause
as that which overwhelmed the Severo airship。 The gas; escaping
from the balloons housed in the hull; collected in the confined
passage…way communicating with the cars; came into contact with a
naked light; possibly the exhaust from the motors; and instantly
detonated with terrific force; blowing the airship to fragments
and setting fire to all the inflammable materials。
In this airship Zeppelin committed an unpardonable blunder。
He had ignored the factor of 〃internal safety;〃 and had
deliberately flown in the face of the official rule which had
been laid down in France after the Severo disaster; which
absolutely forbade the inclusion of such confined spaces as
Zeppelin had incorporated。 This catastrophe coming so closely as
it did upon the preceding disaster to the pride of the German
aerial fleet somewhat shook public confidence in these craft;
while aeronautical authorities of other countries described the
Zeppelin more vehemently than ever as a 〃mechanical monstrosity〃
and a 〃scientific curiosity。〃
The Zeppelin has come to be feared in a general manner; but this
result is due rather to stories sedulously circulated; and which
may be easily traced to Teutonic sources。 Very few data of a
reliable character have been allowed to filter through official
circles。 We have been told somewhat verbosely of what it can
accomplish and of its high degree of efficiency and speed。 But
can credence be placed in these statements?
When Zeppelin IV made its unexpected descent at Luneville; and
was promptly seized by the French authorities; the German War
office evinced distinct signs of uneasiness。 The reason was
speedily forth coming。 The captain of the craft which had been
captured forgot to destroy his log and other records of data
concerning the vessel which had been scientifically collected
during the journey。 All this information fell into the hands of
the French military department; and it proved a wondrous
revelation。 It enabled the French to value the Zeppelin at its
true worth; which was by no means comparable to the estimate
based on reports skilfully circulated for the benefit of the
world at large。
Recently the French military department permitted the results of
their expert official examination to be made public。 From close
investigation of the log…book and the diagrams which had been
prepared; it was found that the maximum speed attained by
Zeppelin IV during this momentous flight was only 45 miles per
hour! It was ascertained; moreover; that the load was 10;560
pounds; and the ascensional effort 45;100 pounds。 The fuel
consumption had averaged 297 pounds per hour; while the fuel
tanks carried sufficient for a flight of about seven hours。 The
airship had attained a maximum height of about 6;230 feet; to
reach which 6;600 pounds of ballast had to be discarded。
Moreover; it was proved that a Zeppelin; if travelling under
military conditions with full armament and ammunition aboard;
could carry sufficient fuel for only ten hours at the utmost;
during which; if the slightest head…wind prevailed; it could not
cover more than 340 miles on the one fuel charge。
This information has certainly proved a revelation and has
contributed to the indifference with which the Parisians regard a
Zeppelin raid。 At the outbreak of war the Zeppelin station
nearest to Paris was at Metz; but to make the raid from that
point the airship was forced to cover a round 500 miles。 It is
scarcely to be supposed that perfectly calm weather would prevail
during the whole period of the flight; so that a raid would be
attended by considerable risk。 That this handicap was recognised
in German military circles is borne out by the fact that a
temporary Zeppelin hangar was established at a point considerably
nearer the French capital; for the purpose of enabling a raid to
be carried out with a greater possibility of success。
The capture of Zeppelin IV revealed another important fact。 The
critical flying height of the airship is between 3;300 and 4;000
feet。 To attempt a raid at such an altitude would be to court
certain disaster; inasmuch as the vessel would have to run the
gauntlet of the whole of the French artillery; which it is
admitted has a maximum range exceeding the flying altitude of the
Zeppelin。 That the above calculation is within reason is
supported by the statements of Count Zeppelin himself; who has
declared that his airships are useless at a height exceeding
5;000 feet。 Confirmatory evidence upon this point is offered by
the raid upon the British East Coast towns; when it is stated
that the aircraft were manoeuvring at a height not exceeding
2;000 feet。
CHAPTER VI
THE MILITARY VALUE OF GERMANY'S AERIAL FLEET
Although the Zeppelin undoubtedly has been over…rated by the
forces to which it is attached; at the same time it must not be
under…estimated by its detractors。 Larger and more powerful
vessels of this type have been; and still are being; constructed;
culminating; so far as is known; in the 〃L…5;〃 which is stated to
have a capacity of about 1;000;000 cubic feet; and to possess an
average speed of 65 miles per hour。
While it is generally maintained that the Zeppelins will prove
formidable in attack; greater reliance is being placed upon the
demoralising or terrifying effect which they are able to
exercise。 Owing to the fact that from 3 to 5 tons of fuelsay
900 to 1;500 gallons of gasoline or petrolcan be carried
aboard; giving them a wide radius of action; it is doubtful
whether they could travel from Cologne to London and back upon a
single fuel charge; since such a raid would entail a journey of
about 600 miles。 The latest types of this craft are said to
possess a high ascensional speed; which offers a distinct
protection against aeroplane attack。 According to such official
information as has been vouchsafed; a Zeppelin; when hard
pressed; is able to rise vertically 3;500 feet in about three
minutes。 This is far in excess of the ascensional speed of even
the speediest aeroplane。 of course; the penalty for such a
factor has to be paid: the loss of gas is appreciable and may
lead to the craft's ultimate undoing。 At the same time; however;
it is able to maintain the superior position as compared with
the aeroplane for a considerable period: the upper reaches of the
air are its sanctuary。
Nor must the nocturnal activities of the Zeppelin be overlooked。
So far as night operations by these vessels are concerned; little
has leaked out; so that the possibilities of the airship in this
direction are still somewhat hypothetical。 The fact remains;
however; that it is night movements which perhaps are the most to
be dreaded by the enemy。 According to official German sources of
information the latest types of Zeppelins are engined by
〃noiseless〃 motors。 There is nothing remarkable in this feature;
since the modern motor…car virtually answers to this description;
although in this instance quietness is obtained for the most part
by recourse to the sleeve…valve engine。 Still; the ordinary
Otto…cycle internal combustion engine can be rendered almost
silent by the utilisation of adequate muffling devices; which; in
the Zeppelin; are more possible of incorporation than in the
aeroplane; because the extra weight imposed by this