Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the ancien regime(¹Å±øÍÅ) >

µÚ1½Ú

the ancien regime(¹Å±øÍÅ)-µÚ1½Ú

С˵£º the ancien regime(¹Å±øÍÅ) ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡ANCIEN¡¡REGIME¡¡



THE¡¡ANCIEN¡¡REGIME¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡Charles¡¡Kingsley¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡1¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡2¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡ANCIEN¡¡REGIME¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡PREFACE¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡rules¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Royal¡¡¡¡¡¡Institution¡¡¡¡¡¡forbid¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨and¡¡¡¡¡¡wisely£©¡¡¡¡¡¡religious¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡

political¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡controversy¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡therefore¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡impossible¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡me¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡these¡¡

Lectures£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡say¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡said£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡drawing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡just¡¡¡¡and¡¡

complete¡¡picture¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Ancien¡¡Regime¡¡in¡¡France¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡passages¡¡inserted¡¡

between¡¡brackets£»¡¡which¡¡bear¡¡on¡¡religious¡¡matters£»¡¡were¡¡accordingly¡¡not¡¡

spoken¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Royal¡¡Institution¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡was¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡impossible¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡me¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Lectures£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡bring¡¡

forward¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡fully¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡wished£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡contrast¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡between¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

continental¡¡¡¡¡¡nations¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡England£»¡¡¡¡¡¡whether¡¡¡¡¡¡now£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡during¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡eighteenth¡¡

century¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡that¡¡contrast¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡too¡¡carefully¡¡studied¡¡at¡¡the¡¡present¡¡

moment¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡¡¡¡¡proportion¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡seen¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡understood£»¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡fear¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡

revolution¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨if¡¡¡¡¡¡such¡¡¡¡¡¡exists£©¡¡¡¡¡¡die¡¡¡¡¡¡out¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡wealthier¡¡¡¡¡¡classes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

wish¡¡for¡¡it¡¡£¨if¡¡such¡¡exists£©¡¡among¡¡the¡¡poorer£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡large¡¡extension¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

suffrage¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡looked¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡aswhat¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡actually¡¡¡¡¡¡isa¡¡¡¡¡¡safe¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡harmless¡¡

concession¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wishesand£»¡¡as¡¡I¡¡hold£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡just¡¡rightsof¡¡large¡¡portion¡¡

of¡¡the¡¡British¡¡nation¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡exists¡¡in¡¡Britain¡¡now£»¡¡as¡¡far¡¡as¡¡I¡¡can¡¡see£»¡¡no¡¡one¡¡of¡¡those¡¡evils¡¡

which¡¡¡¡¡¡brought¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡French¡¡¡¡¡¡Revolution¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡widespread¡¡

misery£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡therefore¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡widespread¡¡¡¡¡¡discontent£»¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡classes¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡

live¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡hand¡­labour¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡legislation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡last¡¡¡¡generation¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡

steadily¡¡in¡¡favour¡¡of¡¡the¡¡poor£»¡¡as¡¡against¡¡the¡¡rich£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡is¡¡even¡¡more¡¡true¡¡

now¡¡than¡¡it¡¡was¡¡in¡¡1789£»¡¡thatas¡¡Arthur¡¡Young¡¡told¡¡the¡¡French¡¡mob¡¡which¡¡

stopped¡¡his¡¡carriagethe¡¡rich¡¡pay¡¡many¡¡taxes¡¡£¨over¡¡and¡¡above¡¡the¡¡poor¡­¡¡

rates£»¡¡a¡¡direct¡¡tax¡¡on¡¡the¡¡capitalist¡¡in¡¡favour¡¡of¡¡the¡¡labourer£©¡¡more¡¡than¡¡are¡¡

paid¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡poor¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨In¡¡¡¡¡¡England¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨says¡¡¡¡¡¡M¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡de¡¡¡¡¡¡Tocqueville¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡even¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

eighteenth¡¡¡¡¡¡century£©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨the¡¡¡¡¡¡poor¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡enjoyed¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡privilege¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡exemption¡¡

from¡¡¡¡taxation£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡France£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡rich¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Equality¡¡¡¡before¡¡¡¡the¡¡law¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡well¡­¡¡

nigh¡¡complete¡¡as¡¡it¡¡can¡¡be£»¡¡where¡¡some¡¡are¡¡rich¡¡and¡¡others¡¡poor£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡

only¡¡¡¡privileged¡¡¡¡¡¡class£»¡¡¡¡it¡¡sometimes¡¡¡¡¡¡seems¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡me£»¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡pauper£»¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡

neither¡¡the¡¡responsibility¡¡of¡¡self¡­government£»¡¡nor¡¡the¡¡toil¡¡of¡¡self¡­support¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡2¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡3¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡ANCIEN¡¡REGIME¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡minority¡¡of¡¡malcontents£»¡¡some¡¡justly£»¡¡some¡¡unjustly£»¡¡angry¡¡with¡¡the¡¡

present¡¡state¡¡of¡¡things£»¡¡will¡¡always¡¡exist¡¡in¡¡this¡¡world¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡a¡¡majority¡¡of¡¡

malcontents¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡never¡¡have£»¡¡as¡¡long¡¡as¡¡the¡¡workmen¡¡are¡¡allowed¡¡to¡¡

keep¡¡¡¡¡¡untouched¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡unthreatened¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡¡¡¡¡¡speech£»¡¡¡¡¡¡free¡¡¡¡¡¡public¡¡

meeting£»¡¡free¡¡combination¡¡for¡¡all¡¡purposes¡¡which¡¡do¡¡not¡¡provoke¡¡a¡¡breach¡¡

of¡¡the¡¡peace¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡may¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨and¡¡probably¡¡¡¡are£©¡¡to¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡found¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡London¡¡

and¡¡the¡¡large¡¡towns£»¡¡some¡¡of¡¡those¡¡revolutionary¡¡propagandists¡¡who¡¡have¡¡

terrified¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡tormented¡¡¡¡¡¡continental¡¡¡¡¡¡statesmen¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡year¡¡¡¡¡¡1815¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡

they¡¡are¡¡far¡¡fewer¡¡in¡¡number¡¡than¡¡in¡¡1848£»¡¡far¡¡fewer¡¡still¡¡£¨I¡¡believe£©¡¡than¡¡in¡¡

1831£»¡¡and¡¡their¡¡habits£»¡¡notions£»¡¡¡¡temper£»¡¡whole¡¡mental¡¡organisation£»¡¡is¡¡so¡¡

utterly¡¡alien¡¡to¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡average¡¡Englishman£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡only¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡

wrong¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡him¡¡¡¡¡¡take¡¡¡¡¡¡counsel¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡make¡¡¡¡¡¡common¡¡

cause¡¡¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Meanwhile£»¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡man¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡admitted¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡vote£»¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡

one¡¡more¡¡person¡¡withdrawn¡¡from¡¡the¡¡temptation¡¡to¡¡disloyalty£»¡¡and¡¡enlisted¡¡

in¡¡maintaining¡¡the¡¡powers¡¡that¡¡bewhen¡¡they¡¡are¡¡in¡¡the¡¡wrong£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡

when¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡right¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡every¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Englishman¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡nature¡¡

conservative£»¡¡¡¡¡¡slow¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡form¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡opinion£»¡¡¡¡¡¡cautious¡¡in¡¡putting¡¡it¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡effect£»¡¡

patient¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡evils¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡seem¡¡¡¡¡¡irremediable£»¡¡¡¡¡¡persevering¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡abolishing¡¡

such¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡seem¡¡¡¡¡¡remediable£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡then¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡too¡¡¡¡¡¡ready¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡acquiesce¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

earliest¡¡practical¡¡result£»¡¡to¡¡¡¨rest¡¡and¡¡be¡¡thankful¡£¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡His¡¡faults£»¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡

his¡¡virtues£»¡¡make¡¡him¡¡anti¡­revolutionary¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡is¡¡generally¡¡too¡¡dull¡¡to¡¡take¡¡

in¡¡a¡¡great¡¡idea£»¡¡and¡¡if¡¡he¡¡does¡¡take¡¡it¡¡in£»¡¡often¡¡too¡¡selfish¡¡to¡¡apply¡¡it¡¡to¡¡any¡¡

interest¡¡save¡¡his¡¡own¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡now¡¡and¡¡then£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡actual¡¡injury¡¡

forces¡¡upon¡¡him¡¡a¡¡great¡¡idea£»¡¡like¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Free¡­trade¡¡or¡¡of¡¡Parliamentary¡¡

Reform£»¡¡¡¡¡¡he¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡indomitable£»¡¡¡¡¡¡however¡¡¡¡¡¡slow¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡patient£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡translating¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡

thought¡¡¡¡¡¡into¡¡¡¡¡¡fact£º¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡wise¡¡¡¡¡¡statesmen¡¡¡¡¡¡who¡¡¡¡¡¡resist¡¡¡¡¡¡his¡¡

dogged¡¡determination¡£¡¡If¡¡at¡¡this¡¡moment¡¡he¡¡demands¡¡an¡¡extension¡¡of¡¡the¡¡

suffrage¡¡eagerly¡¡and¡¡even¡¡violently£»¡¡the¡¡wise¡¡statesman¡¡will¡¡give¡¡at¡¡once£»¡¡

gracefully¡¡and¡¡generously£»¡¡what¡¡the¡¡Englishman¡¡will¡¡certainly¡¡obtain¡¡one¡¡

day£»¡¡if¡¡he¡¡has¡¡set¡¡his¡¡mind¡¡upon¡¡it¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡If£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡he¡¡asks¡¡for¡¡it¡¡

calmly£»¡¡then¡¡the¡¡wise¡¡statesman¡¡£¨instead¡¡of¡¡mistaking¡¡English¡¡reticence¡¡for¡¡

apathy£©¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡will¡¡¡¡¡¡listen¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡his¡¡¡¡¡¡wishes¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡readily£»¡¡¡¡¡¡seeing¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡the¡¡

moderation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡demand£»¡¡the¡¡best¡¡possible¡¡guarantee¡¡for¡¡moderation¡¡in¡¡

the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡the¡¡thing¡¡demanded¡£¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡3¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡4¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡ANCIEN¡¡REGIME¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And£»¡¡be¡¡it¡¡always¡¡remembered£»¡¡that¡¡in¡¡introducing¡¡these¡¡men¡¡into¡¡the¡¡

¡¨balance¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Constitution£»¡¨¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡introduce¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡unknown¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡quantity¡£¡¡

Statesmen¡¡ought¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡know¡¡them£»¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡they¡¡¡¡know¡¡¡¡themselves£»¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡judge¡¡¡¡what¡¡

the¡¡working¡¡man¡¡would¡¡do¡¡by¡¡what¡¡they¡¡do¡¡themselves¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡He¡¡who¡¡imputes¡¡

virtues¡¡to¡¡his¡¡own¡¡class¡¡imputes¡¡them¡¡also¡¡to¡¡the¡¡labouring¡¡class¡£¡¡He¡¡who¡¡

imputes¡¡vices¡¡to¡¡the¡¡labouring¡¡class£»¡¡imputes¡¡them¡¡to¡¡his¡¡own¡¡class¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡

both¡¡are¡¡not¡¡only¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡flesh¡¡and¡¡blood£»¡¡but£»¡¡what¡¡is¡¡infinitely¡¡more¡¡

important£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡spirit£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡race£»¡¡in¡¡innumerable¡¡cases£»¡¡of¡¡

the¡¡same¡¡ancestors¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡centuries¡¡past¡¡the¡¡most¡¡able¡¡of¡¡these¡¡men¡¡have¡¡

been¡¡working¡¡upwards¡¡into¡¡the¡¡middle¡¡class£»¡¡and¡¡through¡¡it£»¡¡often£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡

highest¡¡dignities£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡family¡¡connections£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡nation¡¡

knows¡¡how¡¡they¡¡have¡¡comported¡¡themselves¡¡therein¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And£»¡¡by¡¡a¡¡reverse¡¡

process¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨of¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡physiognomist¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡genealogist¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡give¡¡¡¡¡¡abundant¡¡

proof£©£»¡¡the¡¡weaker¡¡members¡¡of¡¡that¡¡class¡¡which¡¡was¡¡dominant¡¡during¡¡the¡¡

Middle¡¡Age¡¡have¡¡been¡¡sinking¡¡downward£»¡¡often¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rank¡¡of¡¡mere¡¡day¡­¡¡

labourers£»¡¡and¡¡carrying¡¡downward¡¡with¡¡themsometimes¡¡in¡¡a¡¡very¡¡tragical¡¡

and¡¡pathetic¡¡¡¡¡¡fashionsomewhat¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dignity¡¡¡¡and¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡refinement¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡

they¡¡had¡¡learnt¡¡from¡¡their¡¡ancestors¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Thus¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡has¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡English¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡nation¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡far¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡see£»¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡Scotch¡¡

likewise£©¡¡become¡¡more¡¡homogeneous¡¡than¡¡any¡¡nation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Continent£»¡¡if¡¡

we¡¡except¡¡France¡¡since¡¡the¡¡extermination¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Frankish¡¡nobility¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡

for¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡very¡¡¡¡¡¡reason£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡seems¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡me£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡more¡¡¡¡¡¡fitted¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡

European¡¡¡¡¡¡nation¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡exercise¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡equal¡¡¡¡¡¡political¡¡¡¡¡¡rights£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

debarred¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡them¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡arguments¡¡¡¡¡¡drawn¡¡¡¡¡¡from¡¡¡¡¡¡countries¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡

governedas¡¡England¡¡has¡¡not¡¡beenby¡¡a¡¡caste¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡civilisation£»¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡mere¡¡¡¡book¡­learning£»¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡the¡¡¡¡heart£»¡¡¡¡¡¡all¡¡that¡¡

was¡¡¡¡¡¡once¡¡¡¡¡¡meant¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¨manners¡¨good¡¡¡¡¡¡breeding£»¡¡¡¡¡¡high¡¡¡¡¡¡feeling£»¡¡¡¡¡¡respect¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡

self¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡respect¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡othersare¡¡¡¡¡¡just¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡common¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨as¡¡¡¡¡¡far¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡I¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡seen£©¡¡

among¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡hand¡­workers¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡England¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡Scotland£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡among¡¡¡¡¡¡any¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡

class£»¡¡the¡¡only¡¡difference¡¡is£»¡¡that¡¡these¡¡qualities¡¡develop¡¡more¡¡early¡¡in¡¡the¡¡

richer¡¡classes£»¡¡owing¡¡to¡¡that¡¡severe¡¡discipline¡¡of¡¡our¡¡public¡¡schools£»¡¡which¡¡

makes¡¡¡¡¡¡mere¡¡¡¡¡¡lads¡¡¡¡¡¡often¡¡¡¡¡¡fit¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡govern£»¡¡¡¡¡¡because¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡learnt¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡obey£º¡¡

while¡¡they¡¡develop¡¡later¡­¡¡¡­generally¡¡not¡¡till¡¡middle¡¡agein¡¡the¡¡classes¡¡who¡¡

have¡¡not¡¡gone¡¡through¡¡in¡¡their¡¡youth¡¡that¡¡Spartan¡¡training£»¡¡and¡¡who¡¡indeed¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡5¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡THE¡¡ANCIEN¡¡REGIME¡¡



£¨from¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡mistaken¡¡¡¡¡¡conception¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡liberty£©¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡not¡¡¡¡¡¡endure¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡day¡£¡¡

This¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡other¡¡¡¡¡¡social¡¡¡¡¡¡drawbacks¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡too¡¡¡¡¡¡patent£»¡¡¡¡¡¡retard¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

manhood¡¡of¡¡the¡¡working¡¡classes¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡That¡¡it¡¡should¡¡be¡¡so£»¡¡is¡¡a¡¡wrong¡£¡¡For¡¡if¡¡

a¡¡cit

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨1£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ