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The¡¡Long¡¡Trail¡¡began¡¡to¡¡deepen¡¡and¡¡extend¡£¡¡It¡¡received¡¡then£»¡¡as¡¡it¡¡did¡¡later£»¡¡a¡¡baptism¡¡of¡¡human¡¡blood¡¡such¡¡as¡¡no¡¡other¡¡pathway¡¡of¡¡the¡¡continent¡¡has¡¡known¡£¡¡The¡¡nomadic¡¡and¡¡the¡¡warlike¡¡days¡¡passed£»¡¡and¡¡there¡¡ensued¡¡a¡¡more¡¡quiet¡¡and¡¡pastoral¡¡time¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡the¡¡beginning¡¡of¡¡a¡¡feudalism¡¡of¡¡the¡¡range£»¡¡a¡¡barony¡¡rude¡¡enough£»¡¡but¡¡a¡¡glorious¡¡one£»¡¡albeit¡¡it¡¡began£»¡¡like¡¡all¡¡feudalism£»¡¡in¡¡large¡handed¡¡theft¡¡and¡¡generous¡¡murdering¡£¡¡The¡¡flocks¡¡of¡¡these¡¡strong¡¡men£»¡¡carelessly¡¡interlapping£»¡¡increased¡¡and¡¡multiplied¡¡amazingly¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡hardly¡¡looked¡¡upon¡¡as¡¡wealth¡£¡¡The¡¡people¡¡could¡¡not¡¡eat¡¡a¡¡tithe¡¡of¡¡the¡¡beef£»¡¡they¡¡could¡¡not¡¡use¡¡a¡¡hundredth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡leather¡£¡¡Over¡¡hundreds¡¡and¡¡hundreds¡¡of¡¡miles¡¡of¡¡ownerless¡¡grass¡¡lands£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡rapid¡¡waters¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mountains£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡slow¡¡streams¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plains¡¡or¡¡the¡¡long¡¡and¡¡dark¡¡lagoons¡¡of¡¡the¡¡low¡¡coast¡¡country¡¡the¡¡herds¡¡of¡¡tens¡¡grew¡¡into¡¡droves¡¡of¡¡hundreds¡¡and¡¡thousands¡¡and¡¡hundreds¡¡of¡¡thousands¡£¡¡This¡¡was¡¡really¡¡the¡¡dawning¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡cattle¡¡industry¡£
Chips¡¡and¡¡flakes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡Southwestern¡¡herd¡¡began¡¡to¡¡be¡¡seen¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Northern¡¡States¡£¡¡As¡¡early¡¡as¡¡1857¡¡Texas¡¡cattle¡¡were¡¡driven¡¡to¡¡Illinois¡£¡¡In¡¡1861¡¡Louisiana¡¡was£»¡¡without¡¡success£»¡¡tried¡¡as¡¡an¡¡outlet¡£¡¡In¡¡1867¡¡a¡¡venturous¡¡drover¡¡took¡¡a¡¡herd¡¡across¡¡the¡¡Indian¡¡Nations£»¡¡bound¡¡for¡¡California£»¡¡and¡¡only¡¡abandoned¡¡the¡¡project¡¡because¡¡the¡¡Plains¡¡Indians¡¡were¡¡then¡¡very¡¡bad¡¡in¡¡the¡¡country¡¡to¡¡the¡¡north¡£¡¡In¡¡1869¡¡several¡¡herds¡¡were¡¡driven¡¡from¡¡Texas¡¡to¡¡Nevada¡£¡¡These¡¡were¡¡side¡¡trails¡¡of¡¡the¡¡main¡¡cattle¡¡road¡£¡¡It¡¡seemed¡¡clear¡¡that¡¡a¡¡great¡¡population¡¡in¡¡the¡¡North¡¡needed¡¡the¡¡cheap¡¡beef¡¡of¡¡Texas£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡main¡¡question¡¡appeared¡¡to¡¡be¡¡one¡¡of¡¡transportation¡£¡¡No¡¡proper¡¡means¡¡for¡¡this¡¡offered¡£¡¡The¡¡Civil¡¡War¡¡stopped¡¡almost¡¡all¡¡plans¡¡to¡¡market¡¡the¡¡range¡¡cattle£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡close¡¡of¡¡that¡¡war¡¡found¡¡the¡¡vast¡¡grazing¡¡lands¡¡of¡¡Texas¡¡covered¡¡fairly¡¡with¡¡millions¡¡of¡¡cattle¡¡which¡¡had¡¡no¡¡actual¡¡or¡¡determinate¡¡value¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡sorted¡¡and¡¡branded¡¡and¡¡herded¡¡after¡¡a¡¡fashion£»¡¡but¡¡neither¡¡they¡¡nor¡¡their¡¡increase¡¡could¡¡be¡¡converted¡¡into¡¡anything¡¡but¡¡more¡¡cattle¡£¡¡The¡¡cry¡¡for¡¡a¡¡market¡¡became¡¡imperative¡£
Meantime¡¡the¡¡Anglo¡Saxon¡¡civilization¡¡was¡¡rolling¡¡swiftly¡¡toward¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡West¡£¡¡The¡¡Indians¡¡were¡¡being¡¡driven¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Plains¡£¡¡A¡¡solid¡¡army¡¡was¡¡pressing¡¡behind¡¡the¡¡vanguard¡¡of¡¡soldier£»¡¡scout£»¡¡and¡¡plainsman¡£¡¡The¡¡railroads¡¡were¡¡pushing¡¡out¡¡into¡¡a¡¡new¡¡and¡¡untracked¡¡empire¡£¡¡They¡¡carried¡¡the¡¡market¡¡with¡¡them¡£¡¡The¡¡market¡¡halted£»¡¡much¡¡nearer£»¡¡though¡¡still¡¡some¡¡hundred¡¡of¡¡miles¡¡to¡¡the¡¡north¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡herd¡£¡¡The¡¡Long¡¡Trail¡¡tapped¡¡no¡¡more¡¡at¡¡the¡¡door¡¡of¡¡Illinois£»¡¡Missouri£»¡¡Arkansas£»¡¡but¡¡leaped¡¡north¡¡again¡¡definitely£»¡¡this¡¡time¡¡springing¡¡across¡¡the¡¡Red¡¡River¡¡and¡¡up¡¡to¡¡the¡¡railroads£»¡¡along¡¡sharp¡¡and¡¡well¡defined¡¡channels¡¡deepened¡¡in¡¡the¡¡year¡¡of¡¡1866¡¡alone¡¡by¡¡the¡¡hoofs¡¡of¡¡more¡¡than¡¡a¡¡quarter¡¡of¡¡a¡¡million¡¡cattle¡£
In¡¡1871£»¡¡only¡¡five¡¡years¡¡later£»¡¡over¡¡six¡¡hundred¡¡thousand¡¡cattle¡¡crossed¡¡the¡¡Red¡¡River¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Northern¡¡markets¡£¡¡Abilene£»¡¡Newton£»¡¡Wichita£»¡¡Ellsworth£»¡¡Great¡¡Bend£»¡¡Dodge£»¡¡flared¡¡out¡¡into¡¡a¡¡swift¡¡and¡¡sometime¡¡evil¡¡blossoming¡£¡¡Thus¡¡the¡¡men¡¡of¡¡the¡¡North¡¡first¡¡came¡¡to¡¡hear¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Long¡¡Trail¡¡and¡¡the¡¡men¡¡who¡¡made¡¡it£»¡¡although¡¡really¡¡it¡¡had¡¡begun¡¡long¡¡ago¡¡and¡¡had¡¡been¡¡foreordained¡¡to¡¡grow¡£
By¡¡this¡¡time£»¡¡1867¡¡and¡¡1868£»¡¡the¡¡northern¡¡portions¡¡of¡¡the¡¡region¡¡immediately¡¡to¡¡the¡¡east¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Rocky¡¡Mountains¡¡had¡¡been¡¡sufficiently¡¡cleared¡¡of¡¡their¡¡wild¡¡inhabitants¡¡to¡¡admit¡¡a¡¡gradual¡¡though¡¡precarious¡¡settlement¡£¡¡It¡¡had¡¡been¡¡learned¡¡yet¡¡again¡¡that¡¡the¡¡buffalo¡¡grass¡¡and¡¡the¡¡sweet¡¡waters¡¡of¡¡the¡¡far¡¡North¡¡would¡¡fatten¡¡a¡¡range¡¡broadhorn¡¡to¡¡a¡¡stature¡¡far¡¡beyond¡¡any¡¡it¡¡could¡¡attain¡¡on¡¡the¡¡southern¡¡range¡£¡¡The¡¡Long¡¡Trail¡¡pushed¡¡rapidly¡¡even¡¡farther¡¡to¡¡the¡¡north¡¡where¡¡there¡¡still¡¡remained¡¡¡¨free¡¡grass¡¨¡¡and¡¡a¡¡new¡¡market¡£¡¡The¡¡territorial¡¡ranges¡¡needed¡¡many¡¡thousands¡¡of¡¡cattle¡¡for¡¡their¡¡stocking£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡demand¡¡took¡¡a¡¡large¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Texas¡¡drive¡¡which¡¡came¡¡to¡¡Abilene£»¡¡Great¡¡Bend£»¡¡and¡¡Fort¡¡Dodge¡£¡¡Moreover£»¡¡the¡¡Government¡¡was¡¡now¡¡feeding¡¡thousands¡¡of¡¡its¡¡new¡¡red¡¡wards£»¡¡and¡¡these¡¡Indians¡¡needed¡¡thousands¡¡of¡¡beeves¡¡for¡¡rations£»¡¡which¡¡were¡¡driven¡¡from¡¡the¡¡southern¡¡range¡¡to¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡army¡¡posts¡¡and¡¡reservations¡£¡¡Between¡¡this¡¡Government¡¡demand¡¡and¡¡that¡¡of¡¡the¡¡territorial¡¡stock¡¡ranges¡¡there¡¡was¡¡occupation¡¡for¡¡the¡¡men¡¡who¡¡made¡¡the¡¡saddle¡¡their¡¡home¡£
The¡¡Long¡¡Trail£»¡¡which¡¡had¡¡previously¡¡found¡¡the¡¡black¡¡corn¡¡lands¡¡of¡¡Illinois¡¡and¡¡Missouri£»¡¡now¡¡crowded¡¡to¡¡the¡¡West£»¡¡until¡¡it¡¡had¡¡reached¡¡Utah¡¡and¡¡Nevada£»¡¡and¡¡penetrated¡¡every¡¡open¡¡park¡¡and¡¡mesa¡¡and¡¡valley¡¡of¡¡Colorado£»¡¡and¡¡found¡¡all¡¡the¡¡high¡¡plains¡¡of¡¡Wyoming¡£¡¡Cheyenne¡¡and¡¡Laramie¡¡became¡¡common¡¡words¡¡now£»¡¡and¡¡drovers¡¡spoke¡¡as¡¡wisely¡¡of¡¡the¡¡dangers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Platte¡¡as¡¡a¡¡year¡¡before¡¡they¡¡had¡¡mentioned¡¡those¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Red¡¡River¡¡or¡¡the¡¡Arkansas¡£¡¡Nor¡¡did¡¡the¡¡Trail¡¡pause¡¡in¡¡its¡¡irresistible¡¡push¡¡to¡¡the¡¡north¡¡until¡¡it¡¡had¡¡found¡¡the¡¡last¡¡of¡¡the¡¡five¡¡great¡¡transcontinental¡¡lines£»¡¡far¡¡in¡¡the¡¡British¡¡provinces¡£¡¡Here¡¡in¡¡spite¡¡of¡¡a¡¡long¡¡season¡¡of¡¡ice¡¡and¡¡snow¡¡the¡¡uttermost¡¡edges¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡herd¡¡might¡¡survive£»¡¡in¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡percentage¡¡at¡¡least£»¡¡each¡¡year¡¡in¡¡an¡¡almost¡¡unassisted¡¡struggle¡¡for¡¡existence£»¡¡under¡¡conditions¡¡different¡¡enough£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡seem£»¡¡from¡¡those¡¡obtaining¡¡at¡¡the¡¡opposite¡¡extreme¡¡of¡¡the¡¡wild¡¡roadway¡¡over¡¡which¡¡they¡¡came¡£
The¡¡Long¡¡Trail¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cattle¡range¡¡was¡¡done£¡¡¡By¡¡magic¡¡the¡¡cattle¡¡industry¡¡had¡¡spread¡¡over¡¡the¡¡entire¡¡West¡£¡¡Today¡¡many¡¡men¡¡think¡¡of¡¡that¡¡industry¡¡as¡¡belonging¡¡only¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Southwest£»¡¡and¡¡many¡¡would¡¡consider¡¡that¡¡it¡¡was¡¡transferred¡¡to¡¡the¡¡North¡£¡¡Really¡¡it¡¡was¡¡not¡¡transferred¡¡but¡¡extended£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡trail¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡drive¡¡marks¡¡the¡¡line¡¡of¡¡that¡¡extension¡£
Today¡¡the¡¡Long¡¡Trail¡¡is¡¡replaced¡¡by¡¡other¡¡trails£»¡¡product¡¡of¡¡the¡¡swift¡¡development¡¡of¡¡the¡¡West£»¡¡and¡¡it¡¡remains¡¡as¡¡the¡¡connection£»¡¡now¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡part¡¡historical¡¡only£»¡¡between¡¡two¡¡phases¡¡of¡¡an¡¡industry¡¡which£»¡¡in¡¡spite¡¡of¡¡differences¡¡of¡¡climate¡¡and¡¡condition£»¡¡retain¡¡a¡¡similarity¡¡in¡¡all¡¡essential¡¡features¡£¡¡When¡¡the¡¡last¡¡steer¡¡of¡¡the¡¡first¡¡herd¡¡was¡¡driven¡¡into¡¡the¡¡corral¡¡at¡¡the¡¡Ultima¡¡Thule¡¡of¡¡the¡¡range£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡the¡¡pony¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡cowboy¡¡which¡¡squatted¡¡and¡¡wheeled¡¡under¡¡the¡¡spur¡¡and¡¡burst¡¡down¡¡the¡¡straggling¡¡street¡¡of¡¡the¡¡little¡¡frontier¡¡town¡£¡¡Before¡¡that¡¡time£»¡¡and¡¡since¡¡that¡¡time£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡and¡¡has¡¡been¡¡the¡¡same¡¡pony¡¡and¡¡the¡¡same¡¡man¡¡who¡¡have¡¡traveled¡¡the¡¡range£»¡¡guarding¡¡and¡¡guiding¡¡the¡¡wild¡¡herds£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡romantic¡¡to¡¡the¡¡commonplace¡¡days¡¡of¡¡the¡¡West¡£
Chapter¡¡IV¡£¡¡The¡¡Cowboy
The¡¡Great¡¡West£»¡¡vast¡¡and¡¡rude£»¡¡brought¡¡forth¡¡men¡¡also¡¡vast¡¡and¡¡rude¡£¡¡We¡¡pass¡¡today¡¡over¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡that¡¡matchless¡¡region£»¡¡and¡¡we¡¡see¡¡the¡¡red¡¡hills¡¡and¡¡ragged¡¡mountain¡fronts¡¡cut¡¡and¡¡crushed¡¡into¡¡huge¡¡indefinite¡¡shapes£»¡¡to¡¡which¡¡even¡¡a¡¡small¡¡imagination¡¡may¡¡give¡¡a¡¡human¡¡or¡¡more¡¡than¡¡human¡¡form¡£¡¡It¡¡would¡¡almost¡¡seem¡¡that¡¡the¡¡same¡¡great¡¡hand¡¡which¡¡chiseled¡¡out¡¡these¡¡monumental¡¡forms¡¡had¡¡also¡¡laid¡¡its¡¡fingers¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡people¡¡of¡¡this¡¡region¡¡and¡¡fashioned¡¡them¡¡rude¡¡and¡¡ironlike£»¡¡in¡¡harmony¡¡with¡¡the¡¡stern¡¡faces¡¡set¡¡about¡¡them¡£
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If¡¡we¡¡care¡¡truly¡¡to¡¡see¡¡the¡¡cowboy¡¡as¡¡he¡¡was¡¡and¡¡seek¡¡to¡¡give¡¡our¡¡wish¡¡the¡¡dignity¡¡of¡¡a¡¡real¡¡purpose£»¡¡we¡¡should¡¡study¡¡him¡¡in¡¡connection¡¡with¡¡his¡¡surroundings¡¡and¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡his¡¡work¡£¡¡Then¡¡we¡¡shall¡¡see¡¡him¡¡not¡¡as¡¡a¡¡curiosity¡¡but¡¡as¡¡a¡¡productnot¡¡as¡¡an¡¡eccentric¡¡driver¡¡of¡¡horned¡¡cattle¡¡but¡¡as¡¡a¡¡man¡¡suited¡¡to¡¡his¡¡times¡£
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