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But¡¡for¡¡long¡¡there¡¡was¡¡no¡¡sign¡¡of¡¡permanent¡¡settlement¡¡on¡¡the¡¡Plains£»¡¡and¡¡no¡¡one¡¡thought¡¡of¡¡this¡¡region¡¡as¡¡the¡¡frontier¡£¡¡The¡¡men¡¡there¡¡who¡¡were¡¡prospecting¡¡and¡¡exploiting¡¡were¡¡classified¡¡as¡¡no¡¡more¡¡than¡¡adventurers¡£¡¡No¡¡one¡¡seems¡¡to¡¡have¡¡taken¡¡a¡¡lesson¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Indian¡¡and¡¡the¡¡buffalo¡£¡¡The¡¡reports¡¡of¡¡Fremont¡¡long¡¡since¡¡had¡¡called¡¡attention¡¡to¡¡the¡¡nourishing¡¡quality¡¡of¡¡those¡¡grasses¡¡of¡¡the¡¡high¡¡country£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡day¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cowboy¡¡had¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡dawned¡£¡¡There¡¡is¡¡a¡¡somewhat¡¡feeble¡¡story¡¡which¡¡runs¡¡to¡¡the¡¡effect¡¡that¡¡in¡¡1866¡¡one¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡wagon¡­trains£»¡¡caught¡¡by¡¡the¡¡early¡¡snows¡¡of¡¡winter£»¡¡was¡¡obliged¡¡to¡¡abandon¡¡its¡¡oxen¡¡on¡¡the¡¡range¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡supposed¡¡that£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡the¡¡oxen¡¡must¡¡perish¡¡during¡¡the¡¡winter¡£¡¡But¡¡next¡¡spring¡¡the¡¡owners¡¡were¡¡surprised¡¡to¡¡find¡¡that¡¡the¡¡oxen£»¡¡so¡¡far¡¡from¡¡perishing£»¡¡had¡¡flourished¡¡very¡¡muchindeed£»¡¡were¡¡fat¡¡and¡¡in¡¡good¡¡condition¡£¡¡So¡¡runs¡¡the¡¡story¡¡which¡¡is¡¡often¡¡repeated¡£¡¡It¡¡may¡¡be¡¡true£»¡¡but¡¡to¡¡accredit¡¡to¡¡this¡¡incident¡¡the¡¡beginnings¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cattle¡¡industry¡¡in¡¡the¡¡Indian¡¡country¡¡would¡¡surely¡¡be¡¡going¡¡too¡¡far¡£¡¡The¡¡truth¡¡is¡¡that¡¡the¡¡cow¡¡industry¡¡was¡¡not¡¡a¡¡Saxon¡¡discovery¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡a¡¡Latin¡¡enterprise£»¡¡flourishing¡¡in¡¡Mexico¡¡long¡¡before¡¡the¡¡first¡¡of¡¡these¡¡miners¡¡and¡¡adventurers¡¡came¡¡on¡¡the¡¡range¡£

Something¡¡was¡¡known¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Spanish¡¡lands¡¡to¡¡the¡¡south¡¡through¡¡the¡¡explorations¡¡of¡¡Pike£»¡¡but¡¡more¡¡through¡¡the¡¡commerce¡¡of¡¡the¡¡prairiesthe¡¡old¡¡wagon¡¡trade¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Missouri¡¡River¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Spanish¡¡cities¡¡of¡¡Sante¡¡Fe¡¡and¡¡Chihuahua¡£¡¡Now¡¡the¡¡cow¡¡business£»¡¡south¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Rio¡¡Grande£»¡¡was¡¡already¡¡well¡¡differentiated¡¡and¡¡developed¡¡at¡¡the¡¡time¡¡the¡¡first¡¡adventurers¡¡from¡¡the¡¡United¡¡States¡¡went¡¡into¡¡Texas¡¡and¡¡began¡¡to¡¡crowd¡¡their¡¡Latin¡¡neighbors¡¡for¡¡more¡¡room¡£¡¡There¡¡it¡¡was¡¡that¡¡our¡¡Saxon¡¡frontiersmen¡¡first¡¡discovered¡¡the¡¡cattle¡¡industry¡£¡¡But¡¡these¡¡southern¡¡and¡¡northern¡¡riflemenruthless¡¡and¡¡savage£»¡¡yet¡¡strangely¡¡statesmanlikethough¡¡they¡¡might¡¡betimes¡¡drive¡¡away¡¡the¡¡owners¡¡of¡¡the¡¡herds£»¡¡troubled¡¡little¡¡about¡¡the¡¡herds¡¡themselves¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡fascination¡¡to¡¡these¡¡rude¡¡strangers¡¡in¡¡the¡¡slow¡¡and¡¡easeful¡¡civilization¡¡of¡¡Old¡¡Spain¡¡which¡¡they¡¡encountered¡¡in¡¡the¡¡land¡¡below¡¡them¡£¡¡Little¡¡by¡¡little£»¡¡and¡¡then¡¡largely¡¡and¡¡yet¡¡more¡¡largely£»¡¡the¡¡warriors¡¡of¡¡San¡¡Jacinto¡¡reached¡¡out¡¡and¡¡began¡¡to¡¡claim¡¡lands¡¡for¡¡themselvesleagues¡¡and¡¡uncounted¡¡leagues¡¡of¡¡land£»¡¡which¡¡had£»¡¡however£»¡¡no¡¡market¡¡value¡£¡¡Well¡¡within¡¡the¡¡memory¡¡of¡¡the¡¡present¡¡generation¡¡large¡¡tracts¡¡of¡¡good¡¡land¡¡were¡¡bought¡¡in¡¡Texas¡¡for¡¡six¡¡cents¡¡an¡¡acre£»¡¡some¡¡was¡¡bought¡¡for¡¡half¡¡that¡¡price¡¡in¡¡a¡¡time¡¡not¡¡much¡¡earlier¡£¡¡Today¡¡much¡¡of¡¡that¡¡land¡¡is¡¡producing¡¡wealth£»¡¡but¡¡land¡¡then¡¡was¡¡worthlessand¡¡so¡¡were¡¡cows¡£

This¡¡civilization¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Southwest£»¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡Republic¡¡of¡¡Texas£»¡¡may¡¡be¡¡regarded¡¡as¡¡the¡¡first¡¡enduring¡¡American¡¡result¡¡of¡¡contact¡¡with¡¡the¡¡Spanish¡¡industry¡£¡¡The¡¡men¡¡who¡¡won¡¡Texas¡¡came¡¡mostly¡¡from¡¡Kentucky¡¡and¡¡Tennessee¡¡or¡¡southern¡¡Ohio£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡first¡¡colonizer¡¡of¡¡Texas¡¡was¡¡a¡¡Virginian£»¡¡Stephen¡¡Fuller¡¡Austin¡£¡¡They¡¡came¡¡along¡¡the¡¡old¡¡Natchez¡¡Trace¡¡from¡¡Nashville¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Mississippi¡¡Riverthat¡¡highway¡¡which¡¡has¡¡so¡¡much¡¡history¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own¡£¡¡Down¡¡this¡¡old¡¡winding¡¡trail¡¡into¡¡the¡¡greatest¡¡valley¡¡of¡¡all¡¡the¡¡world£»¡¡and¡¡beyond¡¡that¡¡valley¡¡out¡¡into¡¡the¡¡Spanish¡¡country£»¡¡moved¡¡steadily¡¡the¡¡adventurers¡¡whose¡¡fathers¡¡had¡¡but¡¡recently¡¡crossed¡¡the¡¡Appalachians¡£¡¡One¡¡of¡¡the¡¡strongest¡¡thrusts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡American¡¡civilization¡¡thus¡¡entered¡¡the¡¡cattle¡­range¡¡at¡¡its¡¡lower¡¡end£»¡¡between¡¡the¡¡Rio¡¡Grande¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Red¡¡River¡£

In¡¡all¡¡the¡¡several¡¡activities£»¡¡mining£»¡¡freighting£»¡¡scouting£»¡¡soldiering£»¡¡riding¡¡pony¡¡express£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡sheer¡¡adventuring¡¡for¡¡what¡¡might¡¡come£»¡¡there¡¡was¡¡ever¡¡a¡¡trading¡¡back¡¡and¡¡forth¡¡between¡¡home¡­staying¡¡men¡¡and¡¡adventuring¡¡men¡£¡¡Thus¡¡there¡¡was¡¡an¡¡interchange¡¡of¡¡knowledge¡¡and¡¡of¡¡customs¡¡between¡¡East¡¡and¡¡West£»¡¡between¡¡our¡¡old¡¡country¡¡and¡¡our¡¡new¡£¡¡There¡¡was¡¡an¡¡interchange£»¡¡too£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡south£»¡¡where¡¡our¡¡Saxon¡¡civilization¡¡came¡¡in¡¡touch¡¡with¡¡that¡¡of¡¡Mexico¡£

We¡¡have¡¡now¡¡to¡¡note¡¡some¡¡fundamental¡¡facts¡¡and¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cattle¡¡industry¡¡which¡¡our¡¡American¡¡cattlemen¡¡took¡¡over¡¡ready¡­made¡¡from¡¡the¡¡hands¡¡of¡¡Mexico¡£

The¡¡Mexicans¡¡in¡¡Texas¡¡had¡¡an¡¡abundance¡¡of¡¡small£»¡¡hardy¡¡horses¡¡of¡¡African¡¡and¡¡Spanish¡¡breed£»¡¡which¡¡Spain¡¡had¡¡brought¡¡into¡¡the¡¡New¡¡Worldthe¡¡same¡¡horses¡¡that¡¡the¡¡Moors¡¡had¡¡brought¡¡into¡¡Spaina¡¡breed¡¡naturally¡¡hardy¡¡and¡¡able¡¡to¡¡subsist¡¡upon¡¡dry¡¡food¡£¡¡Without¡¡such¡¡horses¡¡there¡¡could¡¡have¡¡been¡¡no¡¡cattle¡¡industry¡£¡¡These¡¡horses£»¡¡running¡¡wild¡¡in¡¡herds£»¡¡had¡¡crossed¡¡to¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡Plains¡£¡¡La¡¡Verendrye£»¡¡and¡¡later¡¡Lewis¡¡and¡¡Clark£»¡¡had¡¡found¡¡the¡¡Indians¡¡using¡¡horses¡¡in¡¡the¡¡north¡£¡¡The¡¡Indians£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡have¡¡seen£»¡¡had¡¡learned¡¡to¡¡manage¡¡the¡¡horse¡£¡¡Formerly¡¡they¡¡had¡¡used¡¡dogs¡¡to¡¡drag¡¡the¡¡travois£»¡¡but¡¡now¡¡they¡¡used¡¡the¡¡¡¨elk¡­dog£»¡¨¡¡as¡¡they¡¡first¡¡called¡¡the¡¡horse¡£

In¡¡the¡¡original¡¡cow¡¡country£»¡¡that¡¡is£»¡¡in¡¡Mexico¡¡and¡¡Texas£»¡¡countless¡¡herds¡¡of¡¡cattle¡¡were¡¡held¡¡in¡¡a¡¡loose¡¡sort¡¡of¡¡ownership¡¡over¡¡wide¡¡and¡¡unknown¡¡plains¡£¡¡Like¡¡all¡¡wild¡¡animals¡¡in¡¡that¡¡warm¡¡country£»¡¡they¡¡bred¡¡in¡¡extraordinary¡¡numbers¡£¡¡The¡¡southern¡¡range£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡has¡¡always¡¡been¡¡called¡¡the¡¡breeding¡¡range¡£¡¡The¡¡cattle¡¡had¡¡little¡¡value¡£¡¡He¡¡who¡¡wanted¡¡beef¡¡killed¡¡beef¡£¡¡He¡¡who¡¡wanted¡¡leather¡¡killed¡¡cattle¡¡for¡¡their¡¡hides¡£¡¡But¡¡beyond¡¡these¡¡scant¡¡and¡¡infrequent¡¡uses¡¡cattle¡¡had¡¡no¡¡definite¡¡value¡£

The¡¡Mexican£»¡¡however£»¡¡knew¡¡how¡¡to¡¡handle¡¡cows¡£¡¡He¡¡could¡¡ride¡¡a¡¡horse£»¡¡and¡¡he¡¡could¡¡rope¡¡cattle¡¡and¡¡brand¡¡them¡£¡¡Most¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cattle¡¡of¡¡a¡¡wide¡¡range¡¡would¡¡go¡¡to¡¡certain¡¡water¡­holes¡¡more¡¡or¡¡less¡¡regularly£»¡¡where¡¡they¡¡might¡¡be¡¡roughly¡¡collected¡¡or¡¡estimated¡£¡¡This¡¡coming¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cattle¡¡to¡¡the¡¡watering¡­places¡¡made¡¡it¡¡unnecessary¡¡for¡¡owners¡¡of¡¡cattle¡¡to¡¡acquire¡¡ranch¡¡land¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡enough¡¡to¡¡secure¡¡the¡¡water¡­front¡¡where¡¡the¡¡cows¡¡must¡¡go¡¡to¡¡drink¡£¡¡That¡¡gave¡¡the¡¡owner¡¡all¡¡the¡¡title¡¡he¡¡needed¡£¡¡His¡¡right¡¡to¡¡the¡¡increase¡¡he¡¡could¡¡prove¡¡by¡¡another¡¡phenomenon¡¡of¡¡nature£»¡¡just¡¡as¡¡inevitable¡¡and¡¡invariable¡¡as¡¡that¡¡of¡¡thirst¡£¡¡The¡¡maternal¡¡instinct¡¡of¡¡a¡¡cow¡¡and¡¡the¡¡dependence¡¡of¡¡the¡¡calf¡¡upon¡¡its¡¡mother¡¡gave¡¡the¡¡old¡¡rancher¡¡of¡¡immemorial¡¡times¡¡sufficient¡¡proof¡¡of¡¡ownership¡¡in¡¡the¡¡increase¡¡of¡¡his¡¡herd¡£¡¡The¡¡calf¡¡would¡¡run¡¡with¡¡its¡¡own¡¡mother¡¡and¡¡with¡¡no¡¡other¡¡cow¡¡through¡¡its¡¡first¡¡season¡£¡¡So¡¡that¡¡if¡¡an¡¡old¡¡Mexican¡¡ranchero¡¡saw¡¡a¡¡certain¡¡number¡¡of¡¡cows¡¡at¡¡his¡¡watering¡­places£»¡¡and¡¡with¡¡them¡¡calves£»¡¡he¡¡knew¡¡that¡¡all¡¡before¡¡him¡¡were¡¡his¡¡propertyor£»¡¡at¡¡least£»¡¡he¡¡claimed¡¡them¡¡as¡¡such¡¡and¡¡used¡¡them¡£

Still£»¡¡this¡¡was¡¡loose¡­footed¡¡property¡£¡¡It¡¡might¡¡stray¡¡away¡¡after¡¡all£»¡¡or¡¡it¡¡might¡¡be¡¡driven¡¡away¡£¡¡Hence£»¡¡in¡¡some¡¡forgotten¡¡time£»¡¡our¡¡shrewd¡¡Spaniard¡¡invented¡¡a¡¡system¡¡of¡¡proof¡¡of¡¡ownership¡¡which¡¡has¡¡always¡¡lain¡¡at¡¡the¡¡very¡¡bottom¡¡of¡¡the¡¡organized¡¡cow¡¡industry£»¡¡he¡¡invented¡¡the¡¡method¡¡of¡¡branding¡£¡¡This¡¡meant¡¡his¡¡sign£»¡¡his¡¡name£»¡¡his¡¡trade¡­mark£»¡¡his¡¡proof¡¡of¡¡ownership¡£¡¡The¡¡animal¡¡could¡¡not¡¡shake¡¡it¡¡off¡£¡¡It¡¡would¡¡not¡¡burn¡¡off¡¡in¡¡the¡¡sun¡¡or¡¡wash¡¡off¡¡in¡¡the¡¡rain¡£¡¡It¡¡went¡¡with¡¡the¡¡animal¡¡and¡¡could¡¡not¡¡be¡¡eradicated¡¡from¡¡the¡¡animal's¡¡hide¡£¡¡Wherever¡¡the¡¡bearer¡¡was¡¡seen£»¡¡the¡¡brand¡¡upon¡¡its¡¡hide¡¡provided¡¡certain¡¡identification¡¡of¡¡the¡¡owner¡£

Now£»¡¡all¡¡these¡¡basic¡¡ideas¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cow¡¡industry¡¡were¡¡old¡¡on¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡range¡¡in¡¡Texas¡¡when¡¡our¡¡white¡¡men¡¡first¡¡drifted¡¡thither¡£¡¡The¡¡cattle¡¡industry£»¡¡although¡¡in¡¡its¡¡infancy£»¡¡and¡¡although¡¡supposed¡¡to¡¡have¡¡no¡¡great¡¡future£»¡¡was¡¡developed¡¡long¡¡before¡¡Texas¡¡became¡¡a¡¡republic¡£¡¡It¡¡never£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡changed¡¡very¡¡much¡¡from¡¡that¡¡time¡¡until¡¡the¡¡end¡¡of¡¡its¡¡own¡¡career¡£

One¡¡great¡¡principle¡¡was¡¡accepted¡¡religiously¡¡even¡¡in¡¡those¡¡early¡¡and¡¡crude¡¡days¡£¡¡A¡¡man's¡¡cow¡¡was¡¡HIS¡¡cow¡£¡¡A¡¡man's¡¡brand¡¡was¡¡HIS¡¡brand¡£¡¡There¡¡must¡¡be¡¡no¡¡interference¡¡with¡¡his¡¡ownership¡£¡¡Hence¡¡certain¡¡other¡¡phases¡¡of¡¡the¡¡industry¡¡followed¡¡inevitably¡£¡¡These¡¡cattle£»¡¡these¡¡calves£»¡¡each¡¡branded¡¡by¡¡the¡¡iron¡¡of¡¡the¡¡owner£»¡¡in¡¡spite¡¡of¡¡all¡¡precautions£»¡¡began¡¡to¡¡mingle¡¡as¡¡settlers¡¡became¡¡more¡¡numerous£»¡¡hence¡¡came¡¡the¡¡idea¡¡of¡¡the¡¡round¡­up¡£¡¡The¡¡country¡¡was¡¡warm¡¡and¡¡lazy¡£¡¡If¡¡a¡¡hundred¡¡or¡¡a¡¡thousand¡¡cows¡¡were¡¡not¡¡collected£»¡¡very¡¡well¡£¡¡If¡¡a¡¡calf¡¡were¡¡separated¡¡from¡¡its¡¡mother£»¡¡very¡¡well¡£¡¡The¡¡old¡¡ranchers¡¡never¡¡quarreled¡¡among¡¡themselves¡£¡¡They¡¡never¡¡would¡¡have¡¡made¡¡in¡¡the¡¡South¡¡anything¡¡like¡¡a¡¡cattle¡¡association£»¡¡it¡¡was¡¡left¡¡for¡¡the¡¡Yankees¡¡to¡¡do¡¡that¡¡at¡¡a¡¡time¡¡when¡¡cows¡¡had¡¡come¡¡to¡¡have¡¡far¡¡greater¡¡values¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡few¡¡arguments¡¡in¡¡the¡¡first¡¡rodeos¡¡of¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡range¡£¡¡One¡¡rancher¡¡would¡¡vie¡¡with¡¡his¡¡neighbor¡¡in¡¡generosity¡¡in¡¡the¡¡matter¡¡of¡¡unbranded¡¡calves¡£¡¡Haggling¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡held¡¡contemptible¡£¡¡On¡¡the¡¡lower¡¡range¡¡in¡¡the¡¡old¡¡times¡¡no¡¡one¡¡cared¡¡much¡¡about¡¡a¡¡cow¡£¡¡Why¡¡should¡¡one¡¡do¡¡so£¿¡¡There¡¡was¡¡no¡¡market¡¡for¡¡cowsno¡¡one¡¡who¡¡wished¡¡to¡¡buy¡¡them¡£¡¡If¡¡one¡¡tendered¡¡a¡¡Mexican¡¡cinquo¡¡pesos¡¡for¡¡a¡¡yearling¡¡or¡¡a¡¡two¡­year¡­old£»¡¡the¡¡owner¡¡might¡¡perhaps¡¡offer¡¡the¡¡animal¡¡as¡¡a¡¡gift£»¡¡or¡¡he¡¡might¡¡smile¡¡and¡¡say¡¡¡¨Con¡¡mucho¡¡gusto¡¨¡¡as¡¡he¡¡was¡¡handed¡¡a¡¡few¡¡pieces¡¡of¡¡silver¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡plenty¡¡of¡¡cows¡¡everywhere¡¡in¡¡the¡¡world£¡

Let¡¡us£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡give¡¡the¡¡old¡¡Spaniard¡¡full¡¡credit¡¡alike¡¡in¡¡picturesque¡¡romance¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡organized¡¡industry¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cow¡£¡¡The¡¡westbound¡¡thrust¡¡which¡¡came¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡part¡¡of¡¡the¡¡range¡¡in¡¡the¡¡days¡¡of¡¡more¡¡shrewd¡¡and¡¡exacting¡¡business¡¡methods¡¡was¡¡simply¡¡the¡¡best¡­known¡¡and¡¡most¡¡published¡¡phase¡¡of¡¡frontier¡¡life¡¡in¡¡the¡¡cow¡¡country£»¡¡hence¡¡we¡¡have¡¡usually¡¡accepted¡¡it¡¡as¡¡typical¡£¡¡It¡¡would¡¡not¡¡be¡¡accurate¡¡to¡¡say¡¡that¡¡the¡¡cattle¡¡industry¡¡was¡¡basically¡¡much¡¡influenced¡¡or¡¡governed¡¡by¡¡northern¡¡or¡¡eastern¡¡men¡£¡¡In¡¡practically¡¡all¡¡of¡¡its¡¡great¡¡phenomena¡¡the¡¡frontier¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡cow¡­range¡¡was¡¡southern¡¡by¡¡birth¡¡and¡¡growth¡£

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