Ì«×ÓүС˵Íø > Ó¢Óïµç×ÓÊé > the passing of the frontier >

µÚ21½Ú

the passing of the frontier-µÚ21½Ú

С˵£º the passing of the frontier ×ÖÊý£º ÿҳ4000×Ö

°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡



ot¡¡required£»¡¡but¡¡the¡¡holder¡¡is¡¡required¡¡to¡¡make¡¡¡¨permanent¡¡improvements¡¨¡¡to¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡a¡¡dollar¡¡and¡¡twenty¡­five¡¡cents¡¡an¡¡acre£»¡¡and¡¡at¡¡least¡¡one¡­half¡¡of¡¡these¡¡improvements¡¡must¡¡be¡¡made¡¡within¡¡three¡¡years¡¡after¡¡the¡¡date¡¡of¡¡entry¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡old¡¡times¡¡the¡¡question¡¡of¡¡proof¡¡in¡¡¡¨proving¡¡up¡¨¡¡was¡¡very¡¡leniently¡¡considered¡£¡¡A¡¡man¡¡would¡¡stroll¡¡down¡¡to¡¡the¡¡land¡¡office¡¡and¡¡swear¡¡solemnly¡¡that¡¡he¡¡had¡¡lived¡¡the¡¡legal¡¡length¡¡of¡¡time¡¡on¡¡his¡¡homestead£»¡¡whereas¡¡perhaps¡¡he¡¡had¡¡never¡¡seen¡¡it¡¡or¡¡had¡¡no¡¡more¡¡than¡¡ridden¡¡across¡¡it¡£¡¡Today¡¡matters¡¡perhaps¡¡will¡¡be¡¡administered¡¡somewhat¡¡more¡¡strictly£»¡¡for¡¡of¡¡all¡¡those¡¡millions¡¡of¡¡acres¡¡of¡¡open¡¡land¡¡once¡¡in¡¡the¡¡West¡¡there¡¡is¡¡almost¡¡none¡¡left¡¡worth¡¡the¡¡holding¡¡for¡¡farm¡¡purposes¡£

Such¡¡dishonest¡¡practices¡¡were£»¡¡however£»¡¡indignantly¡¡denied¡¡by¡¡those¡¡who¡¡fostered¡¡the¡¡irrigation¡¡and¡¡dryfarming¡¡booms¡¡which¡¡made¡¡the¡¡last¡¡phase¡¡of¡¡exploitation¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡range¡£¡¡A¡¡vast¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡disaster¡¡was¡¡worked¡¡by¡¡the¡¡failure¡¡of¡¡number¡¡less¡¡irrigation¡¡companies£»¡¡each¡¡of¡¡them¡¡offering¡¡lands¡¡to¡¡the¡¡settlers¡¡through¡¡the¡¡medium¡¡of¡¡most¡¡alluring¡¡advertising¡£¡¡In¡¡almost¡¡every¡¡case¡¡the¡¡engineers¡¡underestimated¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡getting¡¡water¡¡on¡¡the¡¡land¡£¡¡Very¡¡often¡¡the¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡water¡¡available¡¡was¡¡not¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡irrigate¡¡the¡¡land¡¡which¡¡had¡¡been¡¡sold¡¡to¡¡settlers¡£¡¡In¡¡countless¡¡cases¡¡the¡¡district¡¡irrigation¡¡bonds¡­which¡¡were¡¡offered¡¡broadcast¡¡by¡¡Eastern¡¡banks¡¡to¡¡their¡¡small¡¡investorswere¡¡hardly¡¡worth¡¡the¡¡paper¡¡on¡¡which¡¡they¡¡were¡¡written¡£¡¡One¡¡after¡¡another¡¡these¡¡wildcat¡¡irrigation¡¡schemes£»¡¡purporting¡¡to¡¡assure¡¡sudden¡¡wealth¡¡in¡¡apples£»¡¡pears£»¡¡celery£»¡¡garden¡¡truck£»¡¡cherries£»¡¡small¡¡fruits£»¡¡alfalfa£»¡¡pecans£»¡¡eucalyptus¡¡or¡¡catalpa¡¡trees¡­anything¡¡you¡¡likedwent¡¡to¡¡the¡¡wall¡£¡¡Sometimes¡¡whole¡¡communities¡¡became¡¡straitened¡¡by¡¡the¡¡collapse¡¡of¡¡these¡¡overblown¡¡enterprises¡£¡¡The¡¡recovery¡¡was¡¡slow£»¡¡though¡¡usually¡¡the¡¡result¡¡of¡¡that¡¡recovery¡¡was¡¡a¡¡far¡¡healthier¡¡and¡¡more¡¡stable¡¡condition¡¡of¡¡society¡£

This¡¡whole¡¡question¡¡of¡¡irrigation¡¡and¡¡dry¡¡farming£»¡¡this¡¡or¡¡that¡¡phase¡¡of¡¡the¡¡last¡¡scrambling£»¡¡feverish¡¡settling¡¡on¡¡the¡¡last¡¡lands£»¡¡was¡¡sorely¡¡wasteful¡¡of¡¡human¡¡enterprise¡¡and¡¡human¡¡happiness¡£¡¡It¡¡was¡¡much¡¡like¡¡the¡¡spawning¡¡rush¡¡of¡¡the¡¡salmon¡¡from¡¡the¡¡sea¡£¡¡Many¡¡perish¡£¡¡A¡¡few¡¡survive¡£¡¡Certainly¡¡there¡¡never¡¡was¡¡more¡¡cruel¡¡injustice¡¡done¡¡than¡¡that¡¡to¡¡the¡¡sober¡­minded¡¡Eastern¡¡farmers£»¡¡some¡¡of¡¡them¡¡young¡¡men¡¡in¡¡search¡¡of¡¡cheaper¡¡homes£»¡¡who¡¡sold¡¡out¡¡all¡¡they¡¡had¡¡in¡¡the¡¡East¡¡and¡¡went¡¡out¡¡to¡¡the¡¡dry¡¡country¡¡to¡¡farm¡¡under¡¡the¡¡ditch£»¡¡or¡¡to¡¡take¡¡up¡¡that¡¡still¡¡more¡¡hazardous¡¡occupationsuccessful¡¡sometimes£»¡¡though¡¡always¡¡hard¡¡and¡¡always¡¡riskydry¡¡farming¡¡on¡¡the¡¡benches¡¡which¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡reached¡¡with¡¡irrigating¡¡waters¡£

Strangely¡¡changed¡¡was¡¡all¡¡the¡¡face¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cattle¡¡range¡¡by¡¡these¡¡successive¡¡and¡¡startling¡¡innovations¡£¡¡The¡¡smoke¡¡of¡¡many¡¡little¡¡homes¡¡rose¡¡now£»¡¡scattered¡¡over¡¡all¡¡that¡¡tremendous¡¡country¡¡from¡¡the¡¡Rockies¡¡to¡¡the¡¡edge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡short¡¡grass¡¡country£»¡¡from¡¡Texas¡¡to¡¡the¡¡Canadian¡¡line¡£¡¡The¡¡cattle¡¡were¡¡not¡¡banished¡¡from¡¡the¡¡range£»¡¡for¡¡each¡¡little¡¡farmer¡¡would¡¡probably¡¡have¡¡a¡¡few¡¡cows¡¡of¡¡his¡¡own£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡some¡¡fashion¡¡the¡¡great¡¡cowmen¡¡were¡¡managing¡¡to¡¡get¡¡in¡¡fee¡¡tracts¡¡of¡¡land¡¡sufficient¡¡for¡¡their¡¡purposes¡£¡¡There¡¡were¡¡land¡¡leases¡¡of¡¡all¡¡sorts¡¡which¡¡enabled¡¡the¡¡thrifty¡¡Westerner¡¡who¡¡knew¡¡the¡¡inside¡¡and¡¡out¡¡of¡¡local¡¡politics¡¡to¡¡pick¡¡up¡¡permanently¡¡considerable¡¡tracts¡¡of¡¡land¡£¡¡Some¡¡of¡¡these¡¡ranches¡¡held¡¡together¡¡as¡¡late¡¡as¡¡1916£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡there¡¡are¡¡some¡¡such¡¡oldtime¡¡holdings¡¡still¡¡existent¡¡in¡¡the¡¡West£»¡¡although¡¡far¡¡more¡¡rare¡¡than¡¡formerly¡¡was¡¡the¡¡case¡£

Under¡¡all¡¡these¡¡conditions¡¡the¡¡price¡¡of¡¡land¡¡went¡¡up¡¡steadily¡£¡¡Land¡¡was¡¡taken¡¡eagerly¡¡which¡¡would¡¡have¡¡been¡¡refused¡¡with¡¡contempt¡¡a¡¡decade¡¡earlier¡£¡¡The¡¡parings¡¡and¡¡scraps¡¡and¡¡crumbs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Old¡¡West¡¡now¡¡were¡¡fought¡¡for¡¡avidly¡£

The¡¡need¡¡of¡¡capital¡¡became¡¡more¡¡and¡¡more¡¡important¡¡in¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡land¡¡operations¡£¡¡Even¡¡the¡¡government¡¡reclamation¡¡enterprises¡¡could¡¡not¡¡open¡¡lands¡¡to¡¡the¡¡settler¡¡on¡¡anything¡¡like¡¡the¡¡old¡¡homestead¡¡basis¡£¡¡The¡¡water¡¡right¡¡cost¡¡moneysometimes¡¡twenty¡­five¡¡or¡¡thirty¡¡dollars¡¡an¡¡acre£»¡¡in¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡private¡¡reclamation¡¡enterprises£»¡¡fifty¡¡dollars¡¡an¡¡acre£»¡¡or¡¡even¡¡more¡£¡¡Very¡¡frequently¡¡when¡¡the¡¡Eastern¡¡farmer¡¡came¡¡out¡¡to¡¡settle¡¡on¡¡such¡¡a¡¡tract¡¡and¡¡to¡¡meet¡¡the¡¡hard£»¡¡new£»¡¡and¡¡expensive¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡life¡¡in¡¡the¡¡semi¡­arid¡¡regions¡¡he¡¡found¡¡that¡¡he¡¡could¡¡not¡¡pay¡¡out¡¡on¡¡the¡¡land¡£¡¡Perhaps¡¡he¡¡brought¡¡two¡¡or¡¡three¡¡thousand¡¡dollars¡¡with¡¡him¡£¡¡It¡¡usually¡¡was¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡mistake¡¡of¡¡the¡¡land¡­boomer¡¡to¡¡take¡¡from¡¡this¡¡intending¡¡settler¡¡practically¡¡all¡¡of¡¡his¡¡capital¡¡at¡¡the¡¡start¡£¡¡Naturally£»¡¡when¡¡the¡¡new¡¡farmers¡¡were¡¡starved¡¡out¡¡and¡¡in¡¡one¡¡way¡¡or¡¡another¡¡had¡¡made¡¡other¡¡plans£»¡¡the¡¡country¡¡itself¡¡went¡¡to¡¡pieces¡£¡¡That¡¡part¡¡of¡¡it¡¡was¡¡wisest¡¡which¡¡did¡¡not¡¡kill¡¡the¡¡goose¡¡of¡¡the¡¡golden¡¡egg¡£¡¡But¡¡be¡¡these¡¡things¡¡as¡¡they¡¡may¡¡be¡¡and¡¡as¡¡they¡¡were£»¡¡the¡¡whole¡¡readjustment¡¡in¡¡agricultural¡¡values¡¡over¡¡the¡¡once¡¡measureless¡¡and¡¡valueless¡¡cow¡¡country¡¡was¡¡a¡¡stupendous¡¡and¡¡staggering¡¡thing¡£

Now¡¡appeared¡¡yet¡¡another¡¡agency¡¡of¡¡change¡£¡¡The¡¡high¡¡dry¡¡lands¡¡of¡¡many¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Rocky¡¡Mountain¡¡States¡¡had¡¡long¡¡been¡¡regarded¡¡covetously¡¡by¡¡an¡¡industry¡¡even¡¡more¡¡cordially¡¡disliked¡¡by¡¡the¡¡cattleman¡¡than¡¡the¡¡industry¡¡of¡¡farming¡£¡¡The¡¡sheepman¡¡began¡¡to¡¡raise¡¡his¡¡head¡¡and¡¡to¡¡plan¡¡certain¡¡things¡¡for¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡turn¡£¡¡Once¡¡the¡¡herder¡¡of¡¡sheep¡¡was¡¡a¡¡meek¡¡and¡¡lowly¡¡man£»¡¡content¡¡to¡¡slink¡¡away¡¡when¡¡ordered¡£¡¡The¡¡writer¡¡himself¡¡in¡¡the¡¡dry¡¡Southwest¡¡once¡¡knew¡¡a¡¡flock¡¡of¡¡six¡¡thousand¡¡sheep¡¡to¡¡be¡¡rounded¡¡up¡¡and¡¡killed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡cattlemen¡¡of¡¡a¡¡range¡¡into¡¡which¡¡they¡¡had¡¡intruded¡£¡¡The¡¡herders¡¡went¡¡with¡¡the¡¡sheep¡£¡¡All¡¡over¡¡the¡¡range¡¡the¡¡feud¡¡between¡¡the¡¡sheepmen¡¡and¡¡the¡¡cowmen¡¡was¡¡bitter¡¡and¡¡implacable¡£¡¡The¡¡issues¡¡in¡¡those¡¡quarrels¡¡rarely¡¡got¡¡into¡¡the¡¡courts¡¡but¡¡were¡¡fought¡¡out¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ground¡£¡¡The¡¡old¡¡Wyoming¡¡deadline¡¡of¡¡the¡¡cowmen¡¡against¡¡intruding¡¡bands¡¡of¡¡Green¡¡River¡¡sheep¡¡made¡¡a¡¡considerable¡¡amount¡¡of¡¡history¡¡which¡¡was¡¡never¡¡recorded¡£

The¡¡sheepmen¡¡at¡¡length¡¡began¡¡to¡¡succeed¡¡in¡¡their¡¡plans¡£¡¡Themselves¡¡not¡¡paying¡¡many¡¡taxes£»¡¡not¡¡supporting¡¡the¡¡civilization¡¡of¡¡the¡¡country£»¡¡not¡¡building¡¡the¡¡schools¡¡or¡¡roads¡¡or¡¡bridges£»¡¡they¡¡none¡¡the¡¡less¡¡claimed¡¡the¡¡earth¡¡and¡¡the¡¡fullness¡¡thereof¡£

After¡¡the¡¡establishment¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡forest¡¡reserves£»¡¡the¡¡sheepmen¡¡coveted¡¡the¡¡range¡¡thus¡¡included¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡been¡¡the¡¡governmental¡¡policy¡¡to¡¡sell¡¡range¡¡privileges¡¡in¡¡the¡¡forest¡¡reserves¡¡for¡¡sheep£»¡¡on¡¡a¡¡per¡¡capita¡¡basis¡£¡¡Like¡¡privileges¡¡have¡¡been¡¡extended¡¡to¡¡cattlemen¡¡in¡¡certain¡¡of¡¡the¡¡reserves¡£¡¡Always¡¡the¡¡contact¡¡and¡¡the¡¡contest¡¡between¡¡the¡¡two¡¡industries¡¡of¡¡sheep¡¡and¡¡cows¡¡have¡¡remained¡£¡¡Of¡¡course¡¡the¡¡issue¡¡even¡¡in¡¡this¡¡ancient¡¡contest¡¡is¡¡foregoneas¡¡the¡¡cowman¡¡has¡¡had¡¡to¡¡raise¡¡his¡¡cows¡¡under¡¡fence£»¡¡so¡¡ultimately¡¡must¡¡the¡¡sheepman¡¡also¡¡buy¡¡his¡¡range¡¡in¡¡fee¡¡and¡¡raise¡¡his¡¡product¡¡under¡¡fence¡£

The¡¡wandering¡¡bands¡¡of¡¡sheep¡¡belong¡¡nowhere¡£¡¡They¡¡ruin¡¡a¡¡country¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡pathetic¡¡spectacle¡¡to¡¡see¡¡parts¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Old¡¡West¡¡in¡¡which¡¡sheep¡¡steadily¡¡have¡¡been¡¡ranged¡£¡¡They¡¡utterly¡¡destroy¡¡all¡¡the¡¡game£»¡¡they¡¡even¡¡drive¡¡the¡¡fish¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡streams¡¡and¡¡cut¡¡the¡¡grasses¡¡and¡¡weeds¡¡down¡¡to¡¡the¡¡surface¡¡of¡¡the¡¡earth¡£¡¡The¡¡denuded¡¡soil¡¡crumbles¡¡under¡¡their¡¡countless¡¡hoofs£»¡¡becomes¡¡dust£»¡¡and¡¡blows¡¡away¡£¡¡They¡¡leave¡¡a¡¡waste£»¡¡a¡¡desert£»¡¡an¡¡abomination¡£

There¡¡were¡¡yet¡¡other¡¡phases¡¡of¡¡change¡¡which¡¡followed¡¡hard¡¡upon¡¡the¡¡heels¡¡of¡¡our¡¡soldiers¡¡after¡¡they¡¡had¡¡completed¡¡their¡¡task¡¡of¡¡subjugating¡¡the¡¡tribes¡¡of¡¡the¡¡buffalo¡¡Indians¡£¡¡After¡¡the¡¡homesteads¡¡had¡¡been¡¡proved¡¡up¡¡in¡¡some¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Northwestern¡¡States£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡Montana¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Dakotas£»¡¡large¡¡bodies¡¡of¡¡land¡¡were¡¡acquired¡¡by¡¡certain¡¡capitalistic¡¡farmers¡£¡¡All¡¡this¡¡new¡¡land¡¡had¡¡been¡¡proved¡¡to¡¡be¡¡exceedingly¡¡prolific¡¡of¡¡wheat£»¡¡the¡¡great¡¡new¡­land¡¡crop¡£¡¡The¡¡farmers¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Northwest¡¡had¡¡not¡¡yet¡¡learned¡¡that¡¡no¡¡country¡¡long¡¡can¡¡thrive¡¡which¡¡depends¡¡upon¡¡a¡¡single¡¡crop¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡once¡¡familiar¡¡figures¡¡of¡¡the¡¡bonanza¡¡farms¡¡of¡¡the¡¡Northwestthe¡¡pictures¡¡of¡¡their¡¡long¡¡lines¡¡of¡¡reapers¡¡or¡¡selfbinders£»¡¡twenty£»¡¡thirty£»¡¡forty£»¡¡or¡¡fifty¡¡machines£»¡¡one¡¡after¡¡the¡¡other£»¡¡advancing¡¡through¡¡the¡¡golden¡¡grainthe¡¡pictures¡¡of¡¡their¡¡innumerable¡¡stacks¡¡of¡¡wheatthe¡¡figures¡¡of¡¡the¡¡vast¡¡mileage¡¡of¡¡their¡¡fencingthe¡¡yet¡¡more¡¡stupendous¡¡figures¡¡of¡¡the¡¡outlay¡¡required¡¡to¡¡operate¡¡these¡¡farms£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡splendid¡¡totals¡¡of¡¡the¡¡receipts¡¡from¡¡such¡¡operationsthese¡¡at¡¡one¡¡time¡¡were¡¡familiar¡¡and¡¡proudly¡¡presented¡¡features¡¡of¡¡boom¡¡advertising¡¡in¡¡the¡¡upper¡¡portions¡¡of¡¡our¡¡black¡¡land¡¡belt£»¡¡which¡¡day¡¡just¡¡at¡¡the¡¡eastern¡¡edge¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡Plains¡£

There¡¡was¡¡to¡¡be¡¡repeated¡¡in¡¡this¡¡country¡¡something¡¡of¡¡the¡¡history¡¡of¡¡California¡£¡¡In¡¡the¡¡great¡¡valleys£»¡¡such¡¡as¡¡the¡¡San¡¡Joaquin£»¡¡the¡¡first¡¡interests¡¡were¡¡pastoral£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡cowmen¡¡found¡¡a¡¡vast¡¡realm¡¡which¡¡seemed¡¡to¡¡be¡¡theirs¡¡forever¡£¡¡There¡¡came¡¡to¡¡them£»¡¡however£»¡¡the¡¡bonanza¡¡wheat¡¡farmers£»¡¡who¡¡flourished¡¡there¡¡about¡¡1875¡¡and¡¡through¡¡the¡¡next¡¡decade¡£¡¡Their¡¡highly¡¡specialized¡¡industry¡¡boasted¡¡that¡¡it¡¡could¡¡bake¡¡a¡¡loaf¡¡of¡¡bread¡¡out¡¡of¡¡a¡¡wheat¡¡field¡¡between¡¡the¡¡hours¡¡of¡¡sunrise¡¡and¡¡sunset¡£¡¡The¡¡outlay¡¡in¡¡stock¡¡and¡¡machinery¡¡on¡¡some¡¡of¡¡these¡¡bonanza¡¡ranches¡¡ran¡¡into¡¡enormous¡¡figures¡£¡¡But¡¡here£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡all¡¡new¡¡wheat¡¡countries£»¡¡the¡¡productive¡¡power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡soil¡¡soon¡¡began¡¡to¡¡decrease¡£¡¡Little¡¡by¡¡little¡¡the¡¡number¡¡of¡¡bushels¡¡per¡¡acre¡¡lessened£»¡¡until¡¡the¡¡bonanza¡¡farmer¡¡found¡¡himself¡¡with¡¡not¡¡half¡¡the¡¡product¡¡to¡¡sell¡¡which¡¡he¡¡had¡¡owned¡¡the¡¡first¡¡few¡¡years¡¡of¡¡his¡¡operations¡£¡¡In¡¡one¡¡California¡¡town¡¡at¡¡one¡¡time¡¡a¡¡bonanza¡¡farmer¡¡came¡¡in¡¡and¡¡covered¡¡three¡¡city¡¡blocks¡¡with¡¡farm¡¡machinery¡¡which¡¡he¡¡had¡¡turned¡¡over¡¡to¡¡the¡¡bank¡¡owning

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ