the passing of the frontier-第11节
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t than conscience； forced even the worst of men to observe the requirements of society； and a feeling of comparative security among all classes was the result。〃
Naturally it was not the case that all the bad men were thus exterminated。 From time to time there appeared vividly in the midst of these surroundings additional figures of solitary desperadoes； each to have his list of victims； and each himself to fall before the weapons of his enemies or to meet the justice of the law or the sterner meed of the Vigilantes。 It would not be wholly pleasant to read even the names of a long list of these； perhaps it will be sufficient to select one； the notorious Joseph Slade； one of the 〃picturesque〃 characters of whom a great deal of inaccurate and puerile history has been written。 The truth about Slade is that he was a good man at first； faithful in the discharge of his duties as an agent of the stage company。 Needing at times to use violence lawfully； he then began to use it unlawfully。 He drank and soon went from bad to worse。 At length his outrages became so numerous that the men of the community took him out and hanged him。 His fate taught many others the risk of going too far in defiance of law and decency。
What has been true regarding the camps of Florence； Bannack； and Virginia City； had been true in part in earlier camps and was to be repeated perhaps a trifle less vividly in other camps yet to come。 The Black Hills gold rush； for instance； which came after the railroad but before the Indians were entirely cleared away； made a certain wild history of its own。 We had our Deadwood stage line then； and our Deadwood City with all its wild life of drinking； gambling； and shootingthe place where more than one notorious bad man lost his life； and some capable officers of the peace shared their fate。 To describe in detail the life of this stampede and the wild scenes ensuing upon it is perhaps not needful here。 The main thing is that the great quartz lodes of the Black Hills support in the end a steady； thrifty； and law…abiding population。
All over that West； once so unspeakably wild and reckless； there now rise great cities where recently were scattered only mining…camps scarce fit to be called units of any social compact。 It was but yesterday that these men fought and drank and dug their own graves in their own sluices。 At the city of Helena； on the site of Last Chance Gulch； one recalls that not so long ago citizens could show with a certain contemporary pride the old dead tree once known as 〃Hangman's Tree。〃 It marked a spot which might be called a focus of the old frontier。 Around it； and in the country immediately adjoining； was fought out the great battle whose issue could not be doubtedthat between the new and the old days； between law and order and individual lawlessness； between the school and the saloon； between the home and the dance…hall； between society united and resolved and the individual reverted to worse than savagery。
Chapter VI。 The Pathways Of The West
Since we have declared ourselves to be less interested in bald chronology than in the naturally connected causes of events which make chronology worth while； we may now； perhaps； double back upon the path of chronology； and take up the great early highways of the Westwhat we might call the points of attack against the frontier。
The story of the Santa Fe Trail； now passing into oblivion； once was on the tongue of every man。 This old highroad in its heyday presented the most romantic and appealing features of the earlier frontier life。 The Santa Fe Trail was the great path of commerce between our frontier and the Spanish towns trading through Santa Fe。 This commerce began in 1822； when about threescore men shipped certain goods across the lower Plains by pack…animals。 By 1826 it was employing a hundred men and was using wagons and mules。 In 1830； when oxen first were used on the trail； the trade amounted to 120；000 annually； and by 1843； when the Spanish ports were closed； it had reached the value of 450；000； involving the use of 230 wagons and 350 men。 It was this great wagon trail which first brought us into touch with the Spanish civilization of the Southwest。 Its commercial totals do not bulk large today； but the old trail itself was a thing titanic in its historic value。
This was the day not of water but of land transport； yet the wheeled vehicles which passed out into the West as common carriers of civilization clung to the river valleysnatural highways and natural resting places of homebuilding man。 This has been the story of the advance of civilization from the first movements of the world's peoples。 The valleys are the cleats of civilization's golden sluices。
There lay the great valley of the Arkansas； offering food and water； an easy grade and a direct course reaching out into the West； even to the edge of the lands of Spain； and here stood wheeled vehicles able to traverse it and to carry drygoods and hardware； and especially domestic cotton fabrics； which formed the great staple of a 〃Santa Fe assortment。〃 The people of the Middle West were now； in short； able to feed and clothe themselves and to offer a little of their surplus merchandise to some one else in sale。 They had begun to export！ Out yonder； in a strange and unknown land； lay one of the original markets of America！
On the heels of Lewis and Clark； who had just explored the Missouri River route to the Northwest； Captain Zebulon Pike of the Army； long before the first wheeled traffic started West； had employed this valley of the Arkansas in his search for the southwestern delimitations of the United States。 Pike thought he had found the head of the Red River when after a toilsome and dangerous march he reached the headwaters of the Rio Grande。 But it was not our river。 It belonged to Spain； as he learned to his sorrow； when he marched all the way to Chihuahua in old Mexico and lay there during certain weary months。
It was Pike's story of the far Southwest that first started the idea of the commerce of the Santa Fe Trail。 In that day geography was a human thing； a thing of vital importance to all men。 Men did not read the stock markets； they read stories of adventure； tales of men returned from lands out yonder in the West。 Heretofore the swarthy Mexicans； folk of the dry plains and hills around the head of the Rio Grande and the Red； had carried their cotton goods and many other small and needful things all the way from Vera Cruz on the seacoast； over trails that were long； tedious； uncertain； and expensive。 A far shorter and more natural trade route went west along the Arkansas； which would bring the American goods to the doors of the Spanish settlements。 After Pike and one or two others had returned with reports of the country； the possibilities of this trade were clear to any one with the merchant's imagination。
There is rivalry for the title of 〃Father of the Santa Fe Trail。〃 As early as 1812； when the United States was at war with England； a party of men on horseback trading into the West； commonly called the McKnight； Baird； and Chambers party； made their way west to Santa Fe。 There； however； they met with disaster。 All their goods were confiscated and they themselves lay in Mexican jails for nine years。 Eventually the returning survivors of this party told their stories； and those stories； far from chilling； only inflamed the ardor of other adventurous traders。 In 1821 more than one American trader reached Santa Fe； and； now that the Spanish yoke had been thrown off by the Mexicans； the goods； instead of being confiscated； were purchased eagerly。
It is to be remembered； of course； that trading of this sort to Mexico was not altogether a new thing。 Sutlers of the old fur traders and trappers already had found the way to New Spain from the valley of the Platte； south along the eastern edge of the Rockies； through Wyoming and Colorado。 By some such route as that at least one trader； a French creole； agent of the firm of Bryant & Morrison at Kaskaskia； had penetrated to the Spanish lands as early as 1804； while Lewis and Clark were still absent in the upper wilderness。 Each year the great mountain rendezvous of the trappersnow at Bent's Fort on the Arkansas； now at Horse Creek in Wyoming； now on Green River in Utah； or even farther beyond the mountainsdemanded supplies of food and traps and ammunition to enable the hunters to continue their work for another year。 Perhaps many of the pack…trains which regularly supplied this shifting mountain market already had traded in the Spanish country。
It is not necessary to go into further details regarding this primitive commerce of the prairies。 It yielded a certain profit； it shaped the character of the men who carried it on。 But what is yet more important； it greatly influenced the country which lay back of the border on the Missouri River。 It called yet more men from the eastern settlements to those portions which lay upon the edge of the Great Plains。 There crowded yet more thickly； up to the line between the certain and the uncertain； the restless westbound population of all the country。
If on the south the valley of the Arkansas led outward to New Spain； yet other pathways made out from the Mississippi River in
