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sensible¡¡degree¡¡will¡¡necessarily¡¡be¡¡viewed¡¡with¡¡the¡¡liveliest¡¡
apprehension¡¡by¡¡the¡¡gentlemanly¡¡statesmen¡¡of¡¡the¡¡old¡¡school£»¡¡by¡¡
the¡¡kept¡¡classes£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡the¡¡captains¡¡of¡¡finance¡£¡¡It¡¡will¡¡be¡¡
deplored¡¡as¡¡a¡¡subversion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡economic¡¡order£»¡¡a¡¡destruction¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡country's¡¡wealth£»¡¡a¡¡disorganisation¡¡of¡¡industry£»¡¡and¡¡a¡¡sure¡¡
way¡¡to¡¡poverty£»¡¡bloodshed£»¡¡and¡¡pestilence¡£¡¡In¡¡point¡¡of¡¡fact£»¡¡of¡¡
course£»¡¡what¡¡such¡¡a¡¡project¡¡may¡¡be¡¡counted¡¡on¡¡to¡¡subvert¡¡is¡¡that¡¡
dominion¡¡of¡¡ownership¡¡by¡¡which¡¡the¡¡vested¡¡interests¡¡control¡¡and¡¡
retard¡¡the¡¡rate¡¡and¡¡volume¡¡of¡¡production¡£¡¡The¡¡destruction¡¡of¡¡
wealth£»¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡case¡¡will¡¡touch£»¡¡directly£»¡¡only¡¡the¡¡value¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡securities£»¡¡not¡¡the¡¡material¡¡objects¡¡to¡¡which¡¡these¡¡
securities¡¡have¡¡given¡¡title¡¡of¡¡ownership£»¡¡it¡¡would¡¡be¡¡a¡¡
disallowance¡¡of¡¡ownership£»¡¡not¡¡a¡¡destruction¡¡of¡¡useful¡¡goods¡£¡¡Nor¡¡
need¡¡any¡¡disorganisation¡¡or¡¡disability¡¡of¡¡productive¡¡industry¡¡
follow¡¡from¡¡such¡¡a¡¡move£»¡¡indeed£»¡¡the¡¡apprehended¡¡cancelment¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡claims¡¡to¡¡income¡¡covered¡¡by¡¡negotiable¡¡securities¡¡would¡¡by¡¡
that¡¡much¡¡cancel¡¡the¡¡fixed¡¡overhead¡¡charges¡¡resting¡¡on¡¡industrial¡¡
enterprise£»¡¡and¡¡so¡¡further¡¡production¡¡by¡¡that¡¡much¡£¡¡But¡¡for¡¡those¡¡
persons¡¡and¡¡classes¡¡whose¡¡keep¡¡is¡¡drawn¡¡from¡¡prescriptive¡¡rights¡¡
of¡¡ownership¡¡or¡¡of¡¡privilege¡¡the¡¡consequences¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡shifting¡¡
of¡¡ground¡¡from¡¡vested¡¡interest¡¡to¡¡tangible¡¡performance¡¡would¡¡
doubtless¡¡be¡¡deplorable¡£¡¡In¡¡short£»¡¡¡¨Bolshevism¡¡is¡¡a¡¡menace¡¨£»¡¡and¡¡
the¡¡wayfaring¡¡man¡¡out¡¡of¡¡Armenia¡¡will¡¡be¡¡likely¡¡to¡¡ask£º¡¡A¡¡menace¡¡
to¡¡whom£¿¡¡
¡¡
Chapter¡¡8¡¡
¡¡
The¡¡Vested¡¡Interests¡¡and¡¡the¡¡Common¡¡Man¡¡
¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡In¡¡the¡¡eighteenth¡¡century¡¡certain¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡enlightened¡¡
common¡¡sense¡¡were¡¡thrown¡¡into¡¡formal¡¡shape¡¡and¡¡adopted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡
civilised¡¡peoples¡¡of¡¡that¡¡time¡¡to¡¡govern¡¡the¡¡system¡¡of¡¡law¡¡and¡¡
order£»¡¡use¡¡and¡¡wont£»¡¡under¡¡which¡¡they¡¡chose¡¡to¡¡live¡£¡¡So¡¡far¡¡as¡¡
concerns¡¡economic¡¡relations¡¡the¡¡principles¡¡which¡¡so¡¡became¡¡
incorporated¡¡into¡¡the¡¡system¡¡of¡¡civilised¡¡law¡¡and¡¡custom¡¡at¡¡that¡¡
time¡¡were¡¡the¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡equal¡¡opportunity£»¡¡
self¡­determination£»¡¡and¡¡self¡­help¡£¡¡Chief¡¡among¡¡the¡¡specific¡¡
rights¡¡by¡¡which¡¡this¡¡civilised¡¡scheme¡¡of¡¡equal¡¡opportunity¡¡and¡¡
self¡­help¡¡were¡¡to¡¡be¡¡safeguarded¡¡were¡¡the¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡free¡¡contract¡¡
and¡¡security¡¡of¡¡property¡£¡¡These¡¡make¡¡up¡¡the¡¡substantial¡¡core¡¡of¡¡
that¡¡system¡¡of¡¡principles¡¡which¡¡is¡¡called¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡point¡¡of¡¡
view£»¡¡in¡¡so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡concerns¡¡trade£»¡¡industry£»¡¡investment£»¡¡credit¡¡
obligations£»¡¡and¡¡whatever¡¡else¡¡may¡¡properly¡¡be¡¡spoken¡¡of¡¡as¡¡
economic¡¡institutions¡£¡¡And¡¡these¡¡still¡¡stand¡¡over¡¡today£»¡¡
paramount¡¡among¡¡the¡¡inalienable¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡all¡¡free¡¡citizens¡¡in¡¡
all¡¡free¡¡countries£»¡¡they¡¡are¡¡the¡¡groundwork¡¡of¡¡the¡¡economic¡¡
system¡¡as¡¡it¡¡runs¡¡today£»¡¡and¡¡this¡¡existing¡¡system¡¡can¡¡undergo¡¡no¡¡
material¡¡change¡¡of¡¡character¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡these¡¡paramount¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡
civilised¡¡men¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡be¡¡inalienable¡£¡¡Any¡¡move¡¡to¡¡set¡¡these¡¡
rights¡¡aside¡¡would¡¡be¡¡subversive¡¡of¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡economic¡¡order£»¡¡
whereas¡¡no¡¡revision¡¡or¡¡alteration¡¡of¡¡established¡¡rights¡¡and¡¡
usages¡¡will¡¡amount¡¡to¡¡a¡¡revolutionary¡¡move£»¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡it¡¡does¡¡
not¡¡disallow¡¡these¡¡paramount¡¡economic¡¡rights¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡When¡¡the¡¡constituent¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡
were¡¡accepted¡¡and¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡scheme¡¡of¡¡civilised¡¡life¡¡was¡¡
therewith¡¡endorsed¡¡by¡¡the¡¡civilised¡¡peoples£»¡¡in¡¡the¡¡eighteenth¡¡
century£»¡¡these¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡self¡­direction¡¡and¡¡self¡­help¡¡were¡¡
counted¡¡on¡¡as¡¡the¡¡particular¡¡and¡¡sufficient¡¡safeguard¡¡of¡¡equity¡¡
and¡¡industry¡¡in¡¡any¡¡civilised¡¡country¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡counted¡¡on¡¡to¡¡
establish¡¡equality¡¡among¡¡men¡¡in¡¡all¡¡their¡¡economic¡¡relations¡¡and¡¡
to¡¡maintain¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡system¡¡at¡¡the¡¡highest¡¡practicable¡¡
degree¡¡of¡¡productive¡¡efficiency¡£¡¡They¡¡were¡¡counted¡¡on¡¡to¡¡give¡¡
enduring¡¡effect¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rule¡¡of¡¡Live¡¡and¡¡Let¡¡Live¡£¡¡And¡¡such¡¡is¡¡
still¡¡the¡¡value¡¡ascribed¡¡to¡¡these¡¡rights¡¡in¡¡the¡¡esteem¡¡of¡¡modern¡¡
men¡£¡¡The¡¡maintenance¡¡of¡¡law¡¡and¡¡order¡¡still¡¡means¡¡primarily¡¡and¡¡
chiefly¡¡the¡¡maintenance¡¡of¡¡these¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡ownership¡¡and¡¡
pecuniary¡¡obligation¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡things¡¡have¡¡changed¡¡since¡¡that¡¡time¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡way¡¡that¡¡
the¡¡rule¡¡of¡¡Live¡¡and¡¡Let¡¡Live¡¡is¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡completely¡¡safeguarded¡¡
by¡¡maintaining¡¡these¡¡rights¡¡in¡¡the¡¡shape¡¡given¡¡them¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
eighteenth¡¡century£»¡¡¡¡or¡¡at¡¡least¡¡there¡¡are¡¡large¡¡sections¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡people¡¡in¡¡these¡¡civilised¡¡countries¡¡who¡¡are¡¡beginning¡¡to¡¡
think¡¡so£»¡¡which¡¡is¡¡just¡¡as¡¡good¡¡for¡¡practical¡¡purposes¡£¡¡Things¡¡
have¡¡changed¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡way¡¡since¡¡that¡¡time£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡ownership¡¡of¡¡
property¡¡in¡¡large¡¡holdings¡¡now¡¡controls¡¡the¡¡nation's¡¡industry£»¡¡
and¡¡therefore¡¡it¡¡controls¡¡the¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡life¡¡for¡¡those¡¡who¡¡
are¡¡or¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡be¡¡engaged¡¡in¡¡industry£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡that¡¡the¡¡
same¡¡ownership¡¡of¡¡large¡¡wealth¡¡controls¡¡the¡¡markets¡¡and¡¡thereby¡¡
controls¡¡the¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡life¡¡for¡¡those¡¡who¡¡have¡¡to¡¡resort¡¡to¡¡
the¡¡markets¡¡to¡¡sell¡¡or¡¡to¡¡buy¡£¡¡In¡¡other¡¡words£»¡¡it¡¡has¡¡come¡¡to¡¡
pass¡¡with¡¡the¡¡change¡¡of¡¡circumstances¡¡that¡¡the¡¡rule¡¡of¡¡Live¡¡and¡¡
Let¡¡Live¡¡now¡¡waits¡¡on¡¡the¡¡discretion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡owners¡¡of¡¡large¡¡
wealth¡£¡¡In¡¡fact£»¡¡those¡¡thoughtful¡¡men¡¡in¡¡the¡¡eighteenth¡¡century¡¡
who¡¡made¡¡so¡¡much¡¡of¡¡these¡¡constituent¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡
point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡did¡¡not¡¡contemplate¡¡anything¡¡like¡¡the¡¡system¡¡of¡¡
large¡¡wealth£»¡¡large¡­scale¡¡industry£»¡¡and¡¡large¡­scale¡¡commerce¡¡and¡¡
credit¡¡which¡¡prevails¡¡today¡£¡¡They¡¡did¡¡not¡¡foresee¡¡the¡¡new¡¡order¡¡
in¡¡industry¡¡and¡¡business£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡system¡¡of¡¡rights¡¡and¡¡
obligations¡¡which¡¡they¡¡installed£»¡¡therefore£»¡¡made¡¡no¡¡provision¡¡
for¡¡the¡¡new¡¡order¡¡of¡¡things¡¡that¡¡has¡¡come¡¡on¡¡since¡¡their¡¡time¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡new¡¡order¡¡has¡¡brought¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡industry£»¡¡corporation¡¡
finance£»¡¡big¡¡business£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡world¡¡market£»¡¡Under¡¡this¡¡new¡¡order¡¡
in¡¡business¡¡and¡¡industry£»¡¡business¡¡controls¡¡industry¡£¡¡Invested¡¡
wealth¡¡in¡¡large¡¡holdings¡¡controls¡¡the¡¡country's¡¡industrial¡¡
system£»¡¡directly¡¡by¡¡ownership¡¡of¡¡the¡¡plant£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡the¡¡mechanical¡¡
industries£»¡¡or¡¡indirectly¡¡through¡¡the¡¡market£»¡¡as¡¡in¡¡farming¡£¡¡So¡¡
that¡¡the¡¡population¡¡of¡¡these¡¡civilised¡¡countries¡¡now¡¡falls¡¡into¡¡
two¡¡main¡¡classes£º¡¡those¡¡who¡¡own¡¡wealth¡¡invested¡¡in¡¡large¡¡holdings¡¡
and¡¡who¡¡thereby¡¡control¡¡the¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡life¡¡for¡¡the¡¡rest£»¡¡and¡¡
those¡¡who¡¡do¡¡not¡¡own¡¡wealth¡¡in¡¡sufficiently¡¡large¡¡holdings£»¡¡and¡¡
whose¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡life¡¡are¡¡therefore¡¡controlled¡¡by¡¡these¡¡
others¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡a¡¡division£»¡¡not¡¡between¡¡those¡¡who¡¡have¡¡something¡¡
and¡¡those¡¡who¡¡have¡¡nothing¡¡¡¡as¡¡many¡¡socialists¡¡would¡¡be¡¡
inclined¡¡to¡¡describe¡¡it¡¡¡¡but¡¡between¡¡those¡¡who¡¡own¡¡wealth¡¡
enough¡¡to¡¡make¡¡it¡¡count£»¡¡and¡¡those¡¡who¡¡do¡¡not¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡And¡¡all¡¡the¡¡while¡¡the¡¡scale¡¡on¡¡which¡¡the¡¡control¡¡of¡¡industry¡¡
and¡¡the¡¡market¡¡is¡¡exercised¡¡goes¡¡on¡¡increasing£»¡¡from¡¡which¡¡it¡¡
follows¡¡that¡¡what¡¡was¡¡large¡¡enough¡¡for¡¡assured¡¡independence¡¡
yesterday¡¡is¡¡no¡¡longer¡¡large¡¡enough¡¡for¡¡tomorrow¡£¡¡Seen¡¡from¡¡
another¡¡direction£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡at¡¡the¡¡same¡¡time¡¡a¡¡division¡¡between¡¡
those¡¡who¡¡live¡¡on¡¡free¡¡income¡¡and¡¡those¡¡who¡¡live¡¡by¡¡work£»¡¡¡¡a¡¡
division¡¡between¡¡the¡¡kept¡¡classes¡¡and¡¡the¡¡underlying¡¡community¡¡
from¡¡which¡¡their¡¡keep¡¡is¡¡drawn¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡sometimes¡¡spoken¡¡of¡¡in¡¡this¡¡
bearing¡¡¡¡particularly¡¡by¡¡certain¡¡socialists¡¡¡¡as¡¡a¡¡division¡¡
between¡¡those¡¡who¡¡do¡¡no¡¡useful¡¡work¡¡and¡¡those¡¡who¡¡do£»¡¡but¡¡this¡¡
would¡¡be¡¡a¡¡hasty¡¡generalisation£»¡¡since¡¡not¡¡a¡¡few¡¡of¡¡those¡¡persons¡¡
who¡¡have¡¡no¡¡assured¡¡free¡¡income¡¡also¡¡do¡¡no¡¡work¡¡that¡¡is¡¡of¡¡
material¡¡use£»¡¡as¡¡e¡£g¡££»¡¡menial¡¡servants¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡gravest¡¡
significance¡¡of¡¡this¡¡cleavage¡¡that¡¡so¡¡runs¡¡through¡¡the¡¡population¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡advanced¡¡industrial¡¡countries¡¡lies¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡it¡¡is¡¡
a¡¡division¡¡between¡¡the¡¡vested¡¡interests¡¡and¡¡the¡¡common¡¡man¡£¡¡It¡¡is¡¡
a¡¡division¡¡between¡¡those¡¡who¡¡control¡¡the¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡work¡¡and¡¡
the¡¡rate¡¡and¡¡volume¡¡of¡¡output¡¡and¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡the¡¡net¡¡output¡¡of¡¡
industry¡¡goes¡¡as¡¡free¡¡income£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡one¡¡hand£»¡¡and¡¡those¡¡others¡¡
who¡¡have¡¡the¡¡work¡¡to¡¡do¡¡and¡¡to¡¡whom¡¡a¡¡livelihood¡¡is¡¡allowed¡¡by¡¡
these¡¡persons¡¡in¡¡control£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand¡£¡¡In¡¡point¡¡of¡¡numbers¡¡
it¡¡is¡¡a¡¡very¡¡uneven¡¡division£»¡¡of¡¡course¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡vested¡¡interest¡¡is¡¡a¡¡legitimate¡¡right¡¡to¡¡get¡¡something¡¡for¡¡
nothing£»¡¡usually¡¡a¡¡prescriptive¡¡right¡¡to¡¡an¡¡income¡¡which¡¡is¡¡
secured¡¡by¡¡controlling¡¡the¡¡traffic¡¡at¡¡one¡¡point¡¡or¡¡another¡£¡¡The¡¡
owners¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡prescriptive¡¡right¡¡are¡¡also¡¡spoken¡¡of¡¡as¡¡a¡¡
vested¡¡interest¡£¡¡Such¡¡persons¡¡make¡¡up¡¡what¡¡are¡¡called¡¡the¡¡kept¡¡
classes¡£¡¡But¡¡the¡¡kept¡¡classes¡¡also¡¡comprise¡¡many¡¡persons¡¡who¡¡are¡¡
entitled¡¡to¡¡a¡¡free¡¡income¡¡on¡¡other¡¡grounds¡¡than¡¡their¡¡ownership¡¡
and¡¡control¡¡of¡¡industry¡¡or¡¡the¡¡market£»¡¡as£»¡¡e¡£g¡££»¡¡landlords¡¡and¡¡
other¡¡persons¡¡classed¡¡as¡¡¡¨gentry£»¡¨¡¡the¡¡clergy£»¡¡the¡¡Crown¡¡¡¡where¡¡
there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡Crown¡¡¡¡and¡¡its¡¡agents£»¡¡civil¡¡and¡¡military¡£¡¡
Contrasted¡¡with¡¡these¡¡classes¡¡who¡¡make¡¡up¡¡the¡¡vested¡¡interests£»¡¡
and¡¡who¡¡derive¡¡an¡¡income¡¡from¡¡the¡¡established¡¡order¡¡of¡¡ownership¡¡
and¡¡privilege£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡common¡¡man¡£¡¡He¡¡is¡¡common¡¡in¡¡the¡¡respect¡¡
that¡¡he¡¡is¡¡not¡¡vested¡¡with¡¡such¡¡a¡¡prescriptive¡¡right¡¡to¡¡get¡¡
something¡¡for¡¡nothing¡£¡¡And¡¡he¡¡is¡¡called¡¡common¡¡because¡¡such¡¡is¡¡
the¡¡common¡¡lot¡¡of¡¡men¡¡under¡¡the¡¡new¡¡order¡¡of¡¡business¡¡and¡¡
industry£»¡¡and¡¡such¡¡will¡¡continue¡¡£¨increasingly£©¡¡to¡¡be¡¡the¡¡common¡¡
lot¡¡so¡¡long¡¡as¡¡the¡¡enlightened¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡secure¡¡ownership¡¡and¡¡
self¡­help¡¡handed¡¡down¡¡from¡¡the¡¡eighteenth¡¡century¡¡continue¡¡to¡¡
rule¡¡human¡¡affairs¡¡by¡¡help¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡order¡¡of¡¡industry¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡kept¡¡classes£»¡¡whose¡¡free¡¡income¡¡is¡¡secured¡¡to¡¡them¡¡by¡¡the¡¡
legitimate¡¡rights¡¡of¡¡the¡¡vested¡¡interests£»¡¡are¡¡less¡¡numerous¡¡than¡¡
the¡¡common¡¡man¡¡¡¡less¡¡numerous¡¡by¡¡some¡¡ninety¡­five¡¡per¡¡cent¡¡or¡¡
thereabouts¡¡¡¡and¡¡less¡¡serviceable¡¡to¡¡the¡¡comm

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