the vested interests and the common man-µÚ21½Ú
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business¡¡proposition£»¡¡not¡¡a¡¡fanciful¡¡project¡¡of¡¡public¡¡utility¡£¡¡
The¡¡capitalised¡¡value¡¡of¡¡such¡¡a¡¡coalition¡¡of¡¡ownership¡¡is¡¡not¡¡
measured¡¡by¡¡any¡¡heightened¡¡production¡¡or¡¡any¡¡retrenchment¡¡of¡¡
waste¡¡that¡¡may¡¡come¡¡in¡¡its¡¡train£»¡¡nor¡¡need¡¡the¡¡new¡¡move¡¡bring¡¡any¡¡
saving¡¡or¡¡any¡¡addition¡¡to¡¡the¡¡community's¡¡net¡¡productive¡¡
resources¡¡in¡¡any¡¡respect¡£¡¡Indeed£»¡¡it¡¡happens¡¡not¡¡infrequently¡¡
that¡¡such¡¡a¡¡waste¡conserving¡¡coalition¡¡of¡¡ownership¡¡leads¡¡
directly¡¡to¡¡a¡¡restriction¡¡of¡¡output£»¡¡according¡¡to¡¡the¡¡familiar¡¡
run¡¡of¡¡monopoly¡¡rule¡£¡¡So¡¡frequently¡¡will¡¡restriction£»¡¡enhanced¡¡
prices£»¡¡unemployment£»¡¡and¡¡hardship¡¡follow¡¡in¡¡such¡¡a¡¡case£»¡¡that¡¡it¡¡
has¡¡come¡¡to¡¡be¡¡an¡¡article¡¡of¡¡popular¡¡knowledge¡¡and¡¡belief¡¡that¡¡
this¡¡is¡¡the¡¡logical¡¡aim¡¡and¡¡outcome¡¡of¡¡any¡¡successful¡¡manoeuvre¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡kind¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡So¡¡also£»¡¡though¡¡its¡¡output¡¡of¡¡marketable¡¡goods¡¡or¡¡services¡¡
may¡¡be¡¡got¡¡on¡¡easier¡¡terms£»¡¡the¡¡new¡¡and¡¡larger¡¡business¡¡concern¡¡
which¡¡results¡¡from¡¡the¡¡coalition¡¡need¡¡be¡¡no¡¡more¡¡open¡handed¡¡or¡¡
humane¡¡in¡¡its¡¡dealings¡¡with¡¡its¡¡workmen¡£¡¡There¡¡will£»¡¡in¡¡fact£»¡¡be¡¡
some¡¡provocation¡¡to¡¡the¡¡contrary¡£¡¡A¡¡more¡¡powerful¡¡corporation¡¡is¡¡
in¡¡a¡¡position¡¡to¡¡make¡¡its¡¡own¡¡terms¡¡with¡¡greater¡¡freedom£»¡¡which¡¡
it¡¡then¡¡is¡¡for¡¡the¡¡workmen¡¡to¡¡take¡¡or¡¡leave£»¡¡but¡¡ordinarily¡¡to¡¡
take£»¡¡for¡¡the¡¡universal¡¡rule¡¡of¡¡businesslike¡¡management¡¡¡¡to¡¡
charge¡¡what¡¡the¡¡traffic¡¡will¡¡bear¡¡¡¡continues¡¡to¡¡hold¡¡unbroken¡¡
for¡¡any¡¡business¡¡concern£»¡¡irrespective¡¡of¡¡its¡¡size¡¡or¡¡its¡¡
facilities¡£¡¡As¡¡has¡¡already¡¡been¡¡noted¡¡in¡¡an¡¡earlier¡¡passage£»¡¡
charging¡¡what¡¡the¡¡traffic¡¡will¡¡bear¡¡is¡¡the¡¡same¡¡as¡¡charging¡¡what¡¡
will¡¡yield¡¡the¡¡largest¡¡net¡¡profit¡£¡¡
¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡There¡¡stand¡¡over¡¡two¡¡main¡¡questions¡¡touching¡¡the¡¡nature¡¡and¡¡
uses¡¡of¡¡these¡¡vested¡¡interests£º¡¡¡¡Why¡¡do¡¡not¡¡these¡¡powerful¡¡
business¡¡concerns¡¡exercise¡¡their¡¡autocratic¡¡powers¡¡to¡¡drive¡¡the¡¡
industrial¡¡system¡¡at¡¡its¡¡full¡¡productive¡¡capacity£»¡¡seeing¡¡that¡¡
they¡¡are¡¡in¡¡a¡¡position¡¡to¡¡claim¡¡any¡¡increase¡¡of¡¡net¡¡production¡¡
over¡¡cost£¿¡¡and£»¡¡What¡¡use¡¡is¡¡made¡¡of¡¡the¡¡free¡¡income¡¡which¡¡goes¡¡to¡¡
them¡¡as¡¡the¡¡perquisite¡¡of¡¡their¡¡vested¡¡interest£¿¡¡The¡¡answer¡¡to¡¡
the¡¡former¡¡question¡¡is¡¡to¡¡be¡¡found¡¡in¡¡the¡¡fact¡¡that¡¡the¡¡great¡¡
business¡¡concerns¡¡as¡¡well¡¡as¡¡the¡¡smaller¡¡ones¡¡are¡¡all¡¡bound¡¡by¡¡
the¡¡limitations¡¡of¡¡the¡¡price¡¡system£»¡¡which¡¡holds¡¡them¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
pursuit¡¡of¡¡a¡¡profitable¡¡price£»¡¡not¡¡to¡¡the¡¡pursuit¡¡of¡¡gain¡¡in¡¡
terms¡¡of¡¡material¡¡goods¡£¡¡Their¡¡vested¡¡rights¡¡are¡¡for¡¡the¡¡most¡¡
part¡¡carried¡¡as¡¡an¡¡overhead¡¡charge¡¡in¡¡terms¡¡of¡¡price¡¡and¡¡have¡¡to¡¡
be¡¡met¡¡in¡¡those¡¡terms£»¡¡which¡¡will¡¡not¡¡allow¡¡an¡¡increase¡¡of¡¡net¡¡
production¡¡regardless¡¡of¡¡price¡£¡¡The¡¡latter¡¡question¡¡will¡¡find¡¡its¡¡
answer¡¡in¡¡the¡¡well¡known¡¡formula¡¡of¡¡the¡¡economists£»¡¡that¡¡¡¨human¡¡
wants¡¡are¡¡indefinitely¡¡extensible£»¡¨¡¡particularly¡¡as¡¡regards¡¡the¡¡
consumption¡¡of¡¡superfluities¡£¡¡The¡¡free¡¡income¡¡which¡¡is¡¡
capitalised¡¡in¡¡the¡¡intangible¡¡assets¡¡of¡¡the¡¡vested¡¡interests¡¡goes¡¡
to¡¡support¡¡the¡¡well¡to¡do¡¡investors£»¡¡who¡¡are¡¡for¡¡this¡¡reason¡¡
called¡¡the¡¡kept¡¡classes£»¡¡and¡¡whose¡¡keep¡¡consists¡¡in¡¡an¡¡
indefinitely¡¡extensible¡¡consumption¡¡of¡¡superfluities¡£¡¡
¡¡
Chapter¡¡6¡¡
¡¡
The¡¡Divine¡¡Right¡¡of¡¡Nations¡¡
¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡This¡¡sinister¡¡fact¡¡is¡¡patent£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡great¡¡war¡¡has¡¡arisen¡¡
out¡¡of¡¡a¡¡fateful¡¡entanglement¡¡of¡¡national¡¡pretensions¡£¡¡And¡¡it¡¡is¡¡
a¡¡fact¡¡scarcely¡¡less¡¡patent¡¡that¡¡this¡¡fateful¡¡status¡¡quo¡¡ante¡¡
arose¡¡out¡¡of¡¡the¡¡ordinary¡¡run¡¡of¡¡that¡¡system¡¡of¡¡law¡¡and¡¡custom¡¡
which¡¡has¡¡governed¡¡human¡¡intercourse¡¡among¡¡civilised¡¡nations¡¡in¡¡
our¡¡time¡£¡¡The¡¡underlying¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡this¡¡system¡¡of¡¡law¡¡and¡¡
custom¡¡have¡¡continued¡¡to¡¡govern¡¡human¡¡intercourse¡¡under¡¡a¡¡new¡¡
order¡¡of¡¡material¡¡circumstances¡¡which¡¡has¡¡come¡¡into¡¡effect¡¡since¡¡
these¡¡principles¡¡were¡¡first¡¡installed¡£¡¡These¡¡enlightened¡¡
principles¡¡that¡¡go¡¡to¡¡make¡¡up¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡as¡¡regards¡¡
law¡¡and¡¡morals¡¡are¡¡of¡¡the¡¡eighteenth¡¡century£»¡¡whereas¡¡the¡¡new¡¡
order¡¡in¡¡industry¡¡is¡¡of¡¡the¡¡twentieth£»¡¡and¡¡between¡¡these¡¡two¡¡
dates¡¡lies¡¡an¡¡interval¡¡of¡¡unexampled¡¡change¡¡in¡¡the¡¡material¡¡
conditions¡¡of¡¡life¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡To¡¡all¡¡this¡¡it¡¡will¡¡be¡¡said£»¡¡of¡¡course£»¡¡that¡¡warfare¡¡is¡¡not¡¡a¡¡
new¡¡invention£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡the¡¡national¡¡ambitions¡¡and¡¡animosities¡¡
out¡¡of¡¡which¡¡wars¡¡have¡¡always¡¡arisen¡¡are¡¡of¡¡older¡¡date¡¡than¡¡the¡¡
modern¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡and¡¡the¡¡machine¡¡industry£»¡¡but¡¡it¡¡will¡¡also¡¡
not¡¡be¡¡denied¡¡that¡¡the¡¡great¡¡war¡¡which¡¡is¡¡now¡¡coming¡¡to¡¡a¡¡
provisional¡¡close¡¡is¡¡the¡¡largest¡¡and¡¡most¡¡atrocious¡¡epoch¡¡of¡¡
warfare¡¡known¡¡to¡¡history£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡it¡¡has£»¡¡in¡¡point¡¡of¡¡fact£»¡¡
arisen¡¡out¡¡of¡¡this¡¡status¡¡quo¡¡which¡¡has¡¡been¡¡created¡¡by¡¡these¡¡
enlightened¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡modern¡¡point¡¡of¡¡view¡¡in¡¡working¡¡out¡¡
their¡¡consequences¡¡on¡¡the¡¡ground¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡order¡¡of¡¡industry¡£¡¡¡¡
¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡great¡¡war¡¡arose¡¡within¡¡that¡¡group¡¡of¡¡nations¡¡which¡¡have¡¡
the¡¡full¡¡use¡¡of¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡arts£»¡¡which¡¡conduct¡¡their¡¡business¡¡
and¡¡control¡¡their¡¡industries¡¡on¡¡the¡¡lines¡¡of¡¡these¡¡enlightened¡¡
principles¡¡of¡¡the¡¡eighteenth¡¡century£»¡¡and¡¡whose¡¡national¡¡
ambitions¡¡and¡¡policies¡¡are¡¡guided¡¡by¡¡the¡¡preconceptions¡¡of¡¡
national¡¡self¡determination¡¡and¡¡self¡assertion¡¡which¡¡these¡¡modern¡¡
civilised¡¡peoples¡¡have¡¡habitually¡¡found¡¡to¡¡be¡¡good¡¡and¡¡valid¡£¡¡The¡¡
group¡¡of¡¡belligerents¡¡has¡¡included¡¡primarily¡¡the¡¡great¡¡industrial¡¡
nations£»¡¡and¡¡the¡¡outcome¡¡of¡¡the¡¡war¡¡is¡¡being¡¡decided¡¡by¡¡the¡¡
industrial¡¡superiority¡¡of¡¡the¡¡advanced¡¡industrial¡¡peoples¡£¡¡A¡¡host¡¡
of¡¡slightly¡¡backward¡¡peoples¡¡¡¡backward¡¡in¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡
respect¡¡¡¡have¡¡been¡¡drawn¡¡into¡¡this¡¡contest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡great¡¡powers£»¡¡
but¡¡these¡¡have¡¡taken¡¡part¡¡only¡¡as¡¡interested¡¡outliers¡¡and¡¡as¡¡
auxiliaries¡¡to¡¡be¡¡drawn¡¡on¡¡at¡¡the¡¡discretion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡chief¡¡
belligerents¡£¡¡It¡¡has¡¡been¡¡a¡¡contest¡¡of¡¡technological¡¡superiority¡¡
and¡¡industrial¡¡resources£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡end¡¡the¡¡decision¡¡of¡¡it¡¡rests¡¡
with¡¡the¡¡greater¡¡aggregation¡¡of¡¡industrial¡¡forces¡£¡¡Frightfulness¡¡
and¡¡warlike¡¡abandon¡¡and¡¡all¡¡the¡¡beastly¡¡devices¡¡of¡¡the¡¡heathen¡¡
have¡¡proved¡¡to¡¡be¡¡unavailing¡¡against¡¡the¡¡great¡¡industrial¡¡powers£»¡¡
partly¡¡because¡¡these¡¡things¡¡do¡¡not¡¡enduringly¡¡serve¡¡the¡¡
technological¡¡needs¡¡of¡¡the¡¡contest£»¡¡partly¡¡because¡¡they¡¡have¡¡run¡¡
counter¡¡to¡¡that¡¡massive¡¡drift¡¡of¡¡sentiment¡¡which¡¡animates¡¡the¡¡
great¡¡industrial¡¡peoples¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡The¡¡center¡¡of¡¡the¡¡warlike¡¡disturbance¡¡has¡¡been¡¡the¡¡same¡¡as¡¡
the¡¡center¡¡of¡¡growth¡¡and¡¡diffusion¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡order¡¡of¡¡industry¡£¡¡
And¡¡in¡¡both¡¡respects£»¡¡both¡¡as¡¡regards¡¡participation¡¡in¡¡the¡¡war¡¡
and¡¡as¡¡regards¡¡their¡¡share¡¡in¡¡the¡¡new¡¡order¡¡of¡¡industry£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡
not¡¡a¡¡question¡¡of¡¡geographical¡¡nearness¡¡to¡¡a¡¡geographical¡¡center£»¡¡
but¡¡of¡¡industrial¡¡affiliation¡¡and¡¡technological¡¡maturity¡£¡¡The¡¡
center¡¡of¡¡disturbance¡¡and¡¡participation¡¡is¡¡a¡¡center¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
technological¡¡respect£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡end¡¡the¡¡battle¡¡goes¡¡to¡¡those¡¡
few¡¡great¡¡industrial¡¡peoples¡¡who¡¡are¡¡nearest£»¡¡technologically¡¡
speaking£»¡¡to¡¡the¡¡apex¡¡of¡¡growth¡¡of¡¡the¡¡new¡¡order¡£¡¡These¡¡need¡¡be¡¡
superior¡¡in¡¡no¡¡other¡¡respect£»¡¡the¡¡contest¡¡is¡¡decided¡¡on¡¡the¡¡
merits¡¡of¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡arts¡£¡¡And¡¡in¡¡this¡¡connection¡¡it¡¡may¡¡be¡¡
in¡¡place¡¡to¡¡call¡¡to¡¡mind¡¡again¡¡that¡¡the¡¡state¡¡of¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡
arts¡¡is¡¡always¡¡a¡¡joint¡¡stock¡¡of¡¡knowledge¡¡and¡¡proficiency¡¡held£»¡¡
exercised£»¡¡augmented¡¡and¡¡carried¡¡forward¡¡by¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡
community¡¡at¡¡large¡¡as¡¡a¡¡going¡¡concern¡£¡¡What¡¡the¡¡war¡¡has¡¡
vindicated£»¡¡hitherto£»¡¡is¡¡the¡¡great¡¡efficiency¡¡of¡¡the¡¡mechanical¡¡
industry¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡But¡¡the¡¡ambitions¡¡and¡¡animosities¡¡which¡¡precipitated¡¡this¡¡
contest£»¡¡and¡¡which¡¡now¡¡stand¡¡ready¡¡to¡¡bring¡¡on¡¡a¡¡renewal¡¡of¡¡it¡¡in¡¡
due¡¡time£»¡¡are¡¡not¡¡of¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡order£»¡¡and¡¡eminently¡¡not¡¡of¡¡
the¡¡new¡¡order¡¡of¡¡technology¡£¡¡They¡¡have¡¡been¡¡more¡¡nearly¡¡bound¡¡up¡¡
with¡¡those¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡self¡help¡¡that¡¡have¡¡stood¡¡over¡¡from¡¡the¡¡
recent¡¡past£»¡¡from¡¡the¡¡time¡¡before¡¡the¡¡new¡¡order¡¡of¡¡industry¡¡came¡¡
into¡¡bearing¡£¡¡And¡¡there¡¡is¡¡a¡¡curious¡¡parallel¡¡between¡¡the¡¡
consequences¡¡worked¡¡out¡¡by¡¡these¡¡principles¡¡in¡¡the¡¡economic¡¡
system¡¡within¡¡each¡¡of¡¡these¡¡nations£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡one¡¡hand£»¡¡and¡¡in¡¡the¡¡
concert¡¡of¡¡nations£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand¡£¡¡Within¡¡the¡¡nation¡¡the¡¡
enlightened¡¡principles¡¡of¡¡self¡help¡¡and¡¡free¡¡contract¡¡have¡¡given¡¡
rise¡¡to¡¡vested¡¡interests¡¡which¡¡control¡¡the¡¡industrial¡¡system¡¡for¡¡
their¡¡own¡¡use¡¡and¡¡thereby¡¡come¡¡in¡¡for¡¡a¡¡legal¡¡right¡¡to¡¡the¡¡
community's¡¡net¡¡output¡¡of¡¡product¡¡over¡¡cost¡£¡¡Each¡¡of¡¡these¡¡vested¡¡
interests¡¡habitually¡¡aims¡¡to¡¡take¡¡over¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡it¡¡can¡¡of¡¡the¡¡
lucrative¡¡traffic¡¡that¡¡goes¡¡on¡¡and¡¡to¡¡get¡¡as¡¡much¡¡as¡¡it¡¡can¡¡out¡¡
of¡¡the¡¡traffic£»¡¡at¡¡the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rest¡¡of¡¡the¡¡community¡£¡¡After¡¡
the¡¡same¡¡analogy£»¡¡and¡¡by¡¡sanction¡¡of¡¡the¡¡same¡¡liberal¡¡principles£»¡¡
the¡¡civilised¡¡nations£»¡¡each¡¡and¡¡several£»¡¡are¡¡vested¡¡with¡¡an¡¡
inalienable¡¡right¡¡of¡¡¡¨self¡determination¡¨£»¡¡which¡¡being¡¡
interpreted¡¡means¡¡the¡¡self¡aggrandisement¡¡of¡¡each¡¡and¡¡several¡¡at¡¡
the¡¡cost¡¡of¡¡the¡¡rest£»¡¡by¡¡a¡¡reasonable¡¡use¡¡of¡¡force¡¡and¡¡fraud¡£¡¡And¡¡
there¡¡has¡¡been£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡whole£»¡¡no¡¡sense¡¡of¡¡shame¡¡or¡¡of¡¡moral¡¡
obliquity¡¡attaching¡¡to¡¡the¡¡use¡¡of¡¡so¡¡much¡¡force¡¡and¡¡fraud¡¡as¡¡the¡¡
traffic¡¡would¡¡bear£»¡¡in¡¡this¡¡national¡¡enterprise¡¡of¡¡
self¡aggrandisement¡£¡¡Such¡¡has¡¡been¡¡use¡¡and¡¡wont¡¡among¡¡the¡¡
civilised¡¡nations¡£¡¡
¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡Meantime¡¡the¡¡new¡¡order¡¡of¡¡industry¡¡has¡¡come¡¡into¡¡bearing£»¡¡
with¡¡the¡¡result¡¡that¡¡any¡¡disturbance¡¡which¡¡is¡¡set¡¡afoot¡¡by¡¡any¡¡
one¡¡of¡¡these¡¡self¡determining¡¡nations¡¡in¡¡pursuing¡¡its¡¡own¡¡ends¡¡is¡¡
sure¡¡to¡¡derange¡¡the¡¡conditions¡¡of¡¡life¡¡for¡¡all¡¡the¡¡others£»¡¡just¡¡
so¡¡far¡¡as¡¡these¡¡others¡¡are¡¡bound¡¡up¡¡in¡¡the¡¡same¡¡comprehensive¡¡
organization¡¡of¡¡trade¡¡and¡¡industry¡£¡¡Full¡¡and¡¡free¡¡
self¡determination¡¡runs¡¡counter¡¡to¡¡the¡¡rule¡¡of¡¡Live¡¡and¡¡let¡¡live¡£¡¡
After¡¡the¡¡same¡¡fashion¡¡the¡¡busines