the commonwealth of oceana-第44节

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ses　as　were　of　highest　importance　in　that　State。　The　five　ephors　in　Lacedaemon；　which　were　popular　magistrates；　might　question　their　kings；　as　appears　by　the　cases　of　Pausanias；　and　of　Agis；　who　being　upon　his　trial　in　this　court；　was　cried　to　by　his　mother　to　appeal　to　the　people；　as　Plutarch　has　it　in　his　life。　The　tribunes　of　the　people　of　Rome　（like；　in　the　nature　of　their　magistracy；　and　for　some　time　in　number；　to　the　ephors；　as　being；　according　to　Halicarnassus　and　Plutarch；　instituted　in　imitation　of　them）　had　power　to　summon　any　man；　his　magistracy　at　least　being　expired　（for　from　the　Dictator　there　lay　no　appeal）　to　answer　for　himself　to　the　people。　As　in　the　case　of　Coriolanus；　who　was　going　about　to　force　the　people；　by　withholding　corn　from　them　in　a　famine；　to　relinquish　the　magistracy　of　the　tribunes；　in　that　of　Spurius　Cassius　for　affecting　tyranny；　of　Marcus　Sergius　for　running　away　at　Veii；　of　Caius　Lucretius　for　spoiling　his　province；　of　Junius　Silanus　for　making　war　without　a　command　from　the　people　against　the　Cimbri；　with　divers　others。　And　the　crimes　of　this　nature　were　called　loesoe　majestatis；　or　high　treason。　Examples　of　such　as　were　arraigned　or　tried　for　peculation；　or　defraudation　of　the　commonwealth；　were　Marcus　Curius　for　intercepting　the　money　of　the　Samnites；　Salinator　for　the　unequal　division　of　spoils　to　his　soldiers；　Marcus　Posthumius　for　cheating　the　commonwealth　by　a　feigned　shipwreck。　Causes　of　these　two　kinds　were　of　a　more　public　nature；　but　the　like　power　upon　appeals　was　also　exercised　by　the　people　in　private　matters；　even　during　the　time　of　the　kings；　as　in　the　case　of　Horatius。　Nor　is　it　otherwise　with　Venice；　where　the　Doge　Loredano　was　sentenced　by　the　great　Council；　and　Antonio　Grimani；　afterward　doge；　questioned；　for　that　he；　being　admiral；　had　suffered　the　Turk　to　take　Lepanto　in　view　of　his　fleet。　　　　　〃Nevertheless；　there　lay　no　appeal　from　the　Roman　dictator　to　the　people；　which；　if　there　had；　might　have　cost　the　commonwealth　dear；　when　Spurius　Melius；　affecting　empire；　circumvented　and　debauched　the　tribunes：　whereupon　Titus　Quintus　Cincinnatus　was　created　Dictator；　who　having　chosen　Servilius　Ahala　to　be　his　lieutenant；　or　magister　equitum；　sent　him　to　apprehend　Melius；　whom；　while　he　disputed　the　commands　of　the　Dictator　and　implored　the　aid　of　the　people；　Ahala　cut　off　upon　the　place。　By　which　example　you　may　see　in　what　cases　the　dictator　may　prevent　the　blow　which　is　ready　sometimes　to　fall　ere　the　people　be　aware　of　the　danger。　Wherefore　there　lies　no　appeal　from　the　Dieci；　or　the　Council　of　Ten；　in　Venice；　to　the　Great　Council；　nor　from　our　Council　of　War　to　the　people。　For　the　way　of　proceeding　of　this　tribe；　or　the　ballot；　it　is；　as　was　once　said　for　all；　Venetian。　　　　　〃This　discourse　of　judicatories　whereupon　we　are　fallen；　brings　us　rather　naturally　than　of　design　from　the　two　general　orders　of　every　commonwealth；　that　is　to　say；　from　the　debating　part；　or　the　Senate；　and　the　resolving　part；　or　the　people；　to　the　third；　which　is　the　executive　part　or　the　magistracy；　whereupon　I　shall　have　no　need　to　dwell；　for　the　executive　magistrates　of　this　commonwealth　are　the　strategus　in　arms；　the　signory　in　their　several　courts；　as　the　chancery；　the　exchequer；　as　also　the　councils　in　divers　cases　within　their　instructions；　the　censors　as　well　in　their　proper　magistracy；　as　in　the　Council　of　Religion；　the　tribunes　in　the　government　of　the　prerogative；　and　that　judicatory；　and　the　judges　with　their　courts；　of　all　which　so　much　is　already　said　or　known　as　may　suffice。　　　　　〃The　Tuesday　lectures　or　orations　to　the　people　will　be　of　great　benefit　to　the　Senate；　the　prerogative；　and　the　whole　nation。　To　the　Senate；　because　they　will　not　only　teach　your　Senators　elocution；　but　keep　the　system　of　the　government　in　their　memories。　Elocution　is　of　great　use　to　your　Senators；　for　if　they　do　not　understand　rhetoric　（giving　it　at　this　time　for　granted　that　the　art　were　not　otherwise　good）　and　come　to　treat　with；　or　vindicate　the　cause　of　the　commonwealth　against　some　other　nation　that　is　good　at　it；　the　advantage　will　be　subject　to　remain　upon　the　merit　of　the　art；　and　not　upon　the　merit　of　the　cause。　Furthermore；　the　genius　or　soul　of　this　government　being　in　the　whole　and　in　every　part；　they　will　never　be　of　ability　in　determination　upon　any　particular；　unless　at　the　same　time　they　have　an　idea　of　the　whole。　That　this　therefore　must　be；　in　that　regard；　of　equal　benefit　to　the　prerogative；　is　plain；　though　these　have　a　greater　concernment　in　it。　For　this　commonwealth　is　the　estate　of　the　people；　and　a　man；　you　know；　though　he　be　virtuous；　yet　if　he　does　not　understand　his　estate；　may　run　out　or　be　cheated　of　it。　Last　of　all；　the　treasures　of　the　politics　will　by　this　means　be　so　opened；　rifled；　and　dispersed；　that　this　nation　will　as　soon　dote；　like　the　Indians；　upon　glass　beads；　as　disturb　your　government　with　whimsies　and　freaks　of　mother…wit；　or　suffer　themselves　to　be　stuttered　out　of　their　liberties。　There　is　not　any　reason　why　your　grandees；　your　wise　men　of　this　age；　that　laugh　out　and　openly　at　a　commonwealth　as　the　most　ridiculous　thing；　do　not　appear　to　be；　as　in　this　regard　they　are；　mere　idiots；　but　that　the　people　have　not　eyes。〃　　　　　There　remains　no　more　relating　to　the　Senate　and　the　people　than　　　　　　The　twenty…fourth　order；　〃Whereby　it　is　lawful　for　the　province　of　Marpesia　to　have　thirty　knights　of　their　own　election　continually　present　in　the　Senate　of　Oceana；　together　with　sixty　deputies　of　horse；　and　120　of　foot　in　the　prerogative　tribe；　endued　with　equal　power　（respect　had　to　their　quality　and　number）　in　the　debate　and　result　of　this　commonwealth；　provided　that　they　observe　the　course　or　rotation　of　the　same　by　the　annual　return　of　ten　knights；　twenty　deputies　of　the　horse；　and　forty　of　the　foot。　The　like　in　all　respects　is　lawful　for　Panopea；　and　the　horse　of　both　the　provinces　amounting　to　one　troop；　and　the　foot　to　one　company；　one　captain　and　one　cornet　of　the　horse　shall　be　annually　chosen　by　Marpesia；　and　one　captain　and　one　ensign　of　the　foot　shall　be　annually　chosen　by　Panopea。〃　　　　　The　orb　of　the　prerogative　being　thus　complete；　is　not　unnaturally　compared　to　that　of　the　moon；　either　in　consideration　of　the　light　borrowed　from　the　Senate；　as　from　the　sun；　or　of　the　ebbs　and　floods　of　the　people；　which　are　marked　by　the　negative　or　affirmative　of　this　tribe。　And　the　constitution　of　the　Senate　and　the　people　being　shown；　you　have　that　of　the　Parliament　of　Oceana；　consisting　of　the　Senate　proposing；　and　of　the　people　resolving；　which　amounts　to　an　act　of　Parliament。　So　the　Parliament　is　the　heart；　which；　consisting　of　two　ventricles；　the　one　greater　and　replenished　with　a　grosser　matter；　the　other　less　and　full　of　a　purer；　sucks　in　and　spouts　forth　the　vital　blood　of　Oceana　by　a　perpetual　circulation。　Wherefore　the　life　of　this　government　is　no　more　unnatural　or　obnoxious　upon　this　score　to　dissolution　than　that　of　a　man；　nor　to　giddiness　than　the　world；　seeing　the　earth；　whether　it　be　itself　or　the　heavens　that　are　in　rotation；　is　so　far　from　being　giddy；　that　it　could　not　subsist　without　motion。　But　why　should　not　this　government　be　much　rather　capable　of　duration　and　steadiness　by　motion？　Than　which　God　has　ordained　no　other　to　the　universal　commonwealth　of　mankind：　seeing　one　generation　comes　and　another　goes；　but　the　earth　remains　firm　forever；　that　is；　in　her　proper　situation　or　place；　whether　she　be　moved　or　not　moved　upon　her　proper　centre。　The　Senate；　the　people；　and　the　magistracy；　or　the　Parliament　so　constituted；　as　you　have　seen；　is　the　guardian　of　this　commonwealth；　and　the　husband　of　such　a　wife　as　is　elegantly　described　by　Solomon：　〃She　is　like　the　merchant's　ships；　she　brings　her　food　from　far。　She　considers　a　field；　and　buys　it：　with　the　fruit　of　her　hands　she　plants　a　vineyard。　She　perceives　that　her　merchandise　is　good。　She　stretches　forth　her　hands　to　the　poor。　She　is　not　afraid　of　the　snow　for　her　household；　for　all　her　household　are　clothed　with　scarlet。　She　makes　herself　coverings　of　tapestry。　her　clothing　is　silk　and　purple。　Her　husband　is　known　（by　his　robes）　in　the　gates；　when　he　sits　among　the　senators　of　the　land。〃　The　gates；　or　inferior　courts；　were　branches；　as　it　were；　of　the　Sanhedrim；　or　Senate；　of　Israel。　Nor　is　our　commonwealth　a　worse　housewife；　nor　has　she　less　regard　to　her　magistrates；　as　may　pear　by　　　　　　The　twenty…fifth　order；　〃That；　whereas　the　public　revenue　is　through　the　late　civil　wars　dilapidated；　the　excise；　being　improved　or　improvable　to　the　revenue　of　？；000；000；　be　applied；　for　the　space　of　eleven　years　to　come；　to　the　reparation　of　the　same；　and　for　the　present　maintenance　of　the　magistrates；　knights；　deputies；　and　other　officers；　who；　according　to　their　several　dignities　and　functions；　shall　annually　receive　toward　the　support　of　the　same；　as　follows：　　　　　〃The　lord　strategus　marching；　is；　upon　another　account；　to　have　field…pay　as　general。

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　Per　Annum　The　lord　strategus　sitting。。。。。。　　　　　　　　　　　　？；000　The　lord　orator。。。。。。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　2；000　The　three　commissioners　of　the　seal。。。　　　　　　　4；500　The　three　commissioners　of　the　treasury。。。　　　4；500　The　two　censors。。。。