the commonwealth of oceana-第31节

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ion）　may　be　elected　out　of　any　region。　But　the　triennial　magistrates　may　not　be　elected　out　of　any　other　than　the　third　region　only；　lest　the　term　of　their　session　expire　before　that　of　their　honor；　and　（it　being　unlawful　for　a　man　to　bear　magistracy　any　longer　than　he　is　thereto　qualified　by　the　election　of　the　people）　cause　a　fraction　in　the　rotation　of　this　commonwealth。　　　　　〃The　strategus　is　first　president　of　the　Senate；　and　general　of　the　army；　if　it　be　commanded　to　march；　in　which　case　there　shall　be　a　second　strategus　elected　to　be　first　president　of　the　Senate；　and　general　of　the　second　army；　and　if　this　also　be　commanded　to　march；　a　third　strategus　shill　be　chosen；　and　so　on；　as　long　as　the　commonwealth　sends　forth　armies。　　　　　〃The　lord　orator　is　the　second　and　more　peculiar　president　of　the　Senate　to　whom　it　appertains　to　keep　the　house　to　orders。　　　　　〃The　censors；　whereof　the　first；　by　consequence　of　his　election；　is　chancellor　of　the　University　of　Clio；　and　the　second　of　that　of　Calliope；　are　presidents　of　the　Council　for　Religion　and　magistrates；　to　whom　it　belongs　to　keep　the　house　to　the　order　of　the　ballot。　They　are　also　inquisitors　into　the　ways　and　means　of　acquiring　magistracy；　and　have　power　to　punish　indirect　proceedings　in　the　same；　by　removing　a　knight　or　magistrate　out　of　the　house；　under　appeal　to　the　Senate。　　　　　〃The　commissioners　of　the　seal　being　three；　whereof　the　third　is　annually　chosen　out　of　the　third　region；　are　judges　in　chancery。　　　　　〃The　commissioners　of　the　Treasury　being　three；　whereof　the　third　is　annually　chosen　out　of　the　third　region；　are　judges　in　the　exchequer；　and　every　magistrate　of　this　schedule　has　right　to　propose　to　the　Senate。　　　　　〃But　the　strategus　with　the　six　commissioners　is　the　signory　of　this　commonwealth；　having　right　of　session　and　suffrage　in　every　council　of　the　Senate；　and　power　either　jointly　or　severally　to　propose　in　all　or　any　of　them。〃　　　　　I　have　little　in　this　order　to　observe　and　prove　but　that　the　strategus　is　the　same　honor　both　in　name　and　thing　that　was　borne；　among　others；　by　Philopemen　and　Aratus　in　the　Commonwealth　of　the　Achaeans；　the　like　having　been　in　use　also　with　the　AEtolians。　The　orator；　called　otherwise　the　speaker；　is；　with　small　alteration；　the　same　that　had　been　of　former　use　in　this　nation。　These　two；　if　you　will；　may　be　compared　to　the　consuls　in　Rome；　or　the　suffetes　in　Carthage；　for　their　magistracy　is　scarce　different。　　　　　The　censors　derive　their　power　of　removing　a　senator　from　those　of　Rome；　the　government　of　the　ballot　from　those　of　Venice；　and　that　of　animadversion　upon　the　ambitus；　or　canvass　for　magistracy；　from　both。　　　　　The　signory；　with　the　whole　right　and　use　of　that　magistracy　to　be　hereafter　more　fully　explained；　is　almost　purely　Venetian。　　　　　The　second　part　of　the　tropic　is　directed　by　　　　　　The　sixteenth　order〃　Whereby　the　constitution　of　the　councils　being　four；　that　is　to　say；　the　Council　of　State；　the　Council　of　War；　the　Council　of　Religion；　and　the　Council　of　Trade；　is　rendered　conformable　in　their　revolutions　to　that　of　the　Senate。　As：　First；　by　the　annual　election　of　five　knights　out　of　the　first　region　of　the　Senate　into　the　Council　of　State；　consisting　of　fifteen　knights；　five　in　every　region。　Secondly；　by　the　annual　election　of　three　knights　out　of　the　third　region　of　the　Council　of　State；　to　be　proposed　by　the　provosts；　and　elected　by　that　council；　into　the　Council　of　War；　consisting　of　nine　knights；　three　in　every　region；　not　excluded　by　this　election　from　remaining　members　also　of　the　Council　of　State。　The　four　tribunes　of　the　people　have　right　of　session　and　suffrage　in　the　Council　of　War。　Thirdly；　by　the　annual　election　of　four　knights　out　of　the　third　region　of　the　Senate　into　the　Council　of　Religion；　consisting　of　twelve　knights；　four　in　every　region；　of　this　council　the　censors　are　presidents。　Fourthly；　by　the　annual　election　of　four　knights　out　of　the　third　region　of　the　Senate　into　the　Council　of　Trade；　consisting　of　twelve　knights；　four　in　every　region。　And　each　region；　in　every　one　of　these　councils　thus　constituted；　shall　weekly　and　interchangeably　elect　one　provost　whose　magistracy　shall　continue　for　one　week；　nor　shall　he　be　re…elected　into　the　same　till　every　knight　of　that　region　in　the　same　council　has　once　borne　the　same　magistracy。　And　the　provosts　being　one　in　every　region；　three　in　every　council；　and　twelve　in　all；　beside　their　other　capacities；　shall　assemble　and　be　a　council；　or　rather　an　Academy　apart；　to　certain　ends　and　purposes　to　be　hereafter　further　explained　with　those　of　the　rest　of　the　councils。〃　　　　　This　order　is　of　no　other　use　than　the　frame　and　turn　of　the　councils；　and　yet　of　no　small　one；　for　in　motion　consists　life；　and　the　motion　of　a　commonwealth　will　never　be　current　unless　it　be　circular。　Men　that；　like　my　Lord　Epimonus；　not　enduring　the　resemblance　of　this　kind　of　government　to　orbs　and　spheres；　fall　on　physicking　and　purging　it；　do　no　more　than　is　necessary；　for　if　it　be　not　in　rotation　both　as　to　persons　and　things；　it　will　be　very　sick。　The　people　of　Rome；　as　to　persons；　if　they　had　not　been　taken　up　by　the　wheel　of　magistracy；　had　overturned　the　chariot　of　the　Senate。　And　those　of　Lacedaemon；　as　to　things；　had　not　been　so　quiet　when　the　Senate　trashed　their　business；　by　encroaching　upon　the　result；　if　by　the　institution　of　the　ephors　they　had　not　brought　it　about　again。　So　that　if　you　allow　not　a　commonwealth　her　rotation；　in　which　consists　her　equality；　you　reduce　her　to　a　party；　and　then　it　is　necessary　that　you　be　physicians　indeed；　or　rather　farriers；　for　you　will　have　strong　patients；　and　such　as　must　be　haltered　and　cast；　or　yourselves　may　need　bone…setters。　Wherefore　the　councils　of　this　commonwealth；　both　in　regard　of　their　elections；　and；　as　will　be　shown；　of　their　affairs；　are　uniform　with　the　Senate　in　their　revolutions；　not　as　whirlpits　to　swallow；　but　to　bite；　and　with　the　screws　of　their　rotation　to　hold　and　turn　a　business　（like　the　vice　of　a　smith）　to　the　hand　of　the　workman。　Without　engines　of　which　nature　it　is　not　possible　for　the　Senate；　much　less　for　the　people；　to　be　perfect　artificers　in　a　political　capacity。　But　I　shall　not　hold　you　longer　from　　　　　　The　seventeenth　order；　〃Directing　biennial　elections；　or　the　constitution　of　the　orb　of　ambassador…in…ordinary；　consisting　of　four　residences；　the　revolution　whereof　is　performed　in　eight　years；　and　preserved　through　the　election　of　one　ambassador　in　two　years　by　the　ballot　of　the　Senate　to　repair　to　the　Court　of　France；　and　reside　there　for　the　term　of　two　years；　and　the　term　of　two　years　being　expired；　to　remove　from　thence　to　the　Court　of　Spain；　there　to　continue　for　the　space　of　two　years；　and　thence　to　remove　to　the　State　of　Venice；　and　after　two　years'　residence　in　that　city　to　conclude　with　his　residence　at　Constantinople　for　a　like　term　of　time；　and　so　to　return。　A　knight　of　the　Senate；　or　a　deputy　of　the　prerogative；　may　not　be　elected　ambassador…in…ordinary；　because　a　knight　or　deputy　so　chosen　must　either　lose　his　session；　which　would　cause　au　unevenness　in　the　motion　of　this　commonwealth；　or　accumulate　magistracy；　which　agrees　not　with　equality　of　the　same。　Nor　may　any　man　be　elected　into　this　capacity　that　is　above　five…and…thirty　years　of　age；　lest　the　commonwealth　lose　the　charge　of　his　education；　by　being　deprived　at　his　return　of　the　fruit　of　it；　or　else　enjoy　it　not　long　through　the　defects　of　nature。〃　　　　　This　order　is　the　perspective　of　the　commonwealth；　whereby　she　foresees　danger；　or　the　traffic；　whereby　she　receives　every　two　years　the　return　of　a　statesman　enriched　with　eight　years'　experience　from　the　prime　marts　of　negotiation　in　Europe。　And　so　much　for　the　elections　in　the　Senate　that　are　ordinary；　such　as　are　extraordinary　follow　in　　　　　　The　eighteenth　order；　〃Appointing　all　elections　upon　emergent　occasions；　except　that　of　the　dictator；　to　be　made　by　the　scrutiny；　or　that　kind　of　election　whereby　a　council　comes　to　be　a　fifth　order　of　electors。　For　example；　if　there　be　occasion　of　an　ambassador…extraordinary；　the　provosts　of　the　Council　of　State；　or　any　two　of　them；　shall　propose　to　the　same；　till　one　competitor　be　chosen　by　that　council；　and　the　council　having　chosen　a　competitor；　shall　bring　his　name　into　the　Senate；　which　in　the　usual　way　shall　choose　four　more　competitors　to　the　same　magistracy；　and　put　them；　with　the　competitor　of　the　council；　to　the　ballot　of　the　house；　by　which　he　of　the　five　that　is　chosen　is　said　to　be　elected　by　the　scrutiny　of　the　Council　of　State。　A　vice…admiral；　a　polemarch；　or　field　officer；　shall　be　elected　after　the　same　manner；　by　the　scrutiny　of　the　Council　of　War。　A　judge　or　sergeant…at…law；　by　the　scrutiny　of　the　commissioners　of　the　seal。　A　baron；　or　considerable　officer　of　the　Exchequer；　by　the　scrutiny　of　the　commissioners　of　the　Treasury：　Men　in　magistracy；　or　out　of　it；　are　equally　capable　of　election　by　the　scrutiny；　but　a　magistrate　or　officer　elected　by　the　scrutiny　to　a　military　employment；　if　he　be　neither　a　knight　of　the　Senate　nor　a　deputy　of　the　prerogative；　ought　to　have　his　office　confirmed　by　the　prerogative；　because　the　militia　in　a　commonwealth；　where　the　people　are　sovereign；　is　not　lawful　to　be　touched　injussu　populi。