the commonwealth of oceana-第2节
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the one must eat out the other； as the people did the nobility in Athens； and the nobility the people in Rome。 Secondly； when a prince holds about half the dominion； and the people the other half （which was the case of the Roman emperors； planted partly upon their military colonies and partly upon the Senate and the people）； the government becomes a very shambles； both of the princes and the people。 Somewhat of this nature are certain governments at this day； which are said to subsist by confusion。 In this case； to fix the balance is to entail misery； but in the three former； not to fix it is to lose the government。 Wherefore it being unlawful in Turkey that any should possess land but the Grand Seignior； the balance is fixed by the law； and that empire firm。 Nor； though the kings often sell was the throne of Oceana known to shake； until the statute of alienations broke the pillars； by giving way to the nobility to sell their estates。 While Lacedaemon held to the division of land made by Lycurgus； it was immovable； but； breaking that； could stand no longer。 This kind of law fixing the balance in lands is called agrarian； and was first introduced by God himself； who divided the land of Canaan to his people by lots； and is of such virtue that wherever it has held； that government has not altered； except by consent； as in that unparalleled example of the people of Israel； when being in liberty they would needs choose a king。 But without an agrarian law； government； whether monarchical； aristocratical； or popular； has no long lease。 As for dominion； personal or in money； it may now and then stir up a Melius or a Manlius； which； if the Commonwealth be not provided with some kind of dictatorian power； may be dangerous； though it has been seldom or never successful； because to property producing empire； it is required that it should have some certain root or foothold； which； except in land； it cannot have； being otherwise as it were upon the wing。 Nevertheless； in such cities as subsist mostly by trade； and have little or no land； as Holland and Genoa； the balance of treasure may be equal to that of land in the cases mentioned。 But Leviathan； though he seems to skew at antiquity； following his furious master Carneades； has caught hold of the public sword； to which he reduces all manner and matter of government； as； where he affirms this opinion （that any monarch receives his power by covenant； that is to say； upon conditions）〃 to proceed from the not understanding this easy truth； that covenants being but words and breath； have no power to oblige； contain； constrain； or protect any man； but what they have from the public sword。〃 But as he said of the law； that without this sword it is but paper； so he might have thought of this sword； that without a hand it is but cold iron。 The hand which holds this sword is the militia of a nation； and the militia of a nation is either an army in the field； or ready for the field upon occasion。 But an army is a beast that has a great belly； and must be fed： wherefore this will come to what pastures you have； and what pastures you have will come to the balance of property； without which the public sword is but a name or mere spitfrog。 Wherefore； to set that which Leviathan says of arms and of contracts a little straighter； he that can graze this beast with the great belly； as the Turk does his Timariots； may well deride him that imagines he received his power by covenant； or is obliged to any such toy。 It being in this case only that covenants are but words and breath。 But if the property of the nobility； stocked with their tenants and retainers； be the pasture of that beast； the ox knows his master's crib； and it is impossible for a king in such a constitution to reign otherwise than by covenant； or if he break it； it is words that come to blows。 〃But；〃 says he； 〃when an assembly of men is made sovereign； then no man imagines any such covenant to have part in the institution。〃 But what was that by Publicola of appeal to the people； or that whereby the people had their tribunes？ 〃Fie；〃 says he； 〃nobody is so dull as to say that the people of Rome made a covenant with the Romans； to hold the sovereignty on such or such conditions； which； not performed； the Romans might depose the Roman people。〃 In which there be several remarkable things； for he holds the Commonwealth of Rome to have consisted of one assembly； whereas it consisted of the Senate and the people； that they were not upon covenant； whereas every law enacted by them was a covenant between them； that the one assembly was made sovereign； whereas the people； who only were sovereign； were such from the beginning； as appears by the ancient style of their covenants or laws 〃The Senate has resolved； the people have decreed；〃 that a council being made sovereign； cannot be made such upon conditions； whereas the Decemvirs being a council that was made sovereign； was made such upon conditions； that all conditions or covenants making a sovereign being made； are void； whence it must follow that； the Decemviri being made； were ever after the lawful government of Rome； and that it was unlawful for the Commonwealth of Rome to depose the Decemvirs； as also that Cicero； if he wrote otherwise out of his commonwealth； did not write out of nature。 But to come to others that see more of this balance。 You have Aristotle full of it in divers places； especially where he says； that 〃immoderate wealth； as where one man or the few have greater possessions than the equality or the frame of the commonwealth will bear； is an occasion of sedition； which ends for the greater part in monarchy and that for this cause the ostracism has been received in divers places； as in Argos and Athens。 But that it were better to prevent the growth in the beginning； than； when it has got head； to seek the remedy of such an evil。〃 Machiavel has missed it very narrowly and more dangerously for not fully perceiving that if a commonwealth be galled by the gentry it is by their overbalance； he speaks of the gentry as hostile to popular governments； and of popular governments as hostile to the gentry； and makes us believe that the people in such are so enraged against them； that where they meet a gentleman they kill him： which can never be proved by any one example； unless in civil war； seeing that even in Switzerland the gentry are not only safe； but in honor。 But the balance； as I have laid it down； though unseen by Machiavel； is that which interprets him； and that which he confirms by his judgment in many others as well as in this place； where he concludes； 〃That he who will go about to make a commonwealth where there be many gentlemen； unless he first destroys them； undertakes an impossibility。 And that he who goes about to introduce monarchy where the condition of the people is equal； shall never bring it to pass； unless he cull out such of them as are the most turbulent and ambitious； and make them gentlemen or noblemen； not in name but in effect； that is； by enriching them with lands； castles； and treasures； that may gain them power among the rest； and bring in the rest to dependence upon themselves； to the end that； they maintaining their ambition by the prince； the prince may maintain his power by them。〃 Wherefore； as in this place I agree with Machiavel； that a nobility or gentry； overbalancing a popular government； is the utter bane and destruction of it； so I shall show in another； that a nobility or gentry； in a popular government； not overbalancing it； is the very life and soul of it。 By what has been said； it should seem that we may lay aside further disputes of the public sword； or of the right of the militia； which； be the government what it will； or let it change how it can； is inseparable from the overbalance in dominion： nor； if otherwise stated by the law or custom （as in the Commonwealth of Rome； where the people having the sword； the nobility came to have the overbalance）； avails it to any other end than destruction。 For as a building swaying from the foundation must fall； so it fares with the law swaying from reason； and the militia from the balance of dominion。 And thus much for the balance of national or domestic empire； which is in dominion。 The balance of foreign or provincial empire is of a contrary nature。 A man may as well say that it is unlawful for him who has made a fair and honest purchase to have tenants； as for a government that has made a just progress and enlargement of itself to have provinces。 But how a province may be justly acquired appertains to another place。 In this I am to show no more than how or upon what kind of balance it is to be held； in order whereto I shall first show upon what kind of balance it is not to be held。 It has been said； that national or independent empire； of what kind soever； is to be exercised by them that have the proper balance of dominion in the nation； wherefore provincial or dependent empire is not to be exercised by them that have the balance of dominion in the province； because that would bring the government from provincial and dependent； to national and independent。 Absolute monarchy； as that of the Turks； neither plants its people at home nor abroad； otherwise than as tenants for life or a
